The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of key antifolate

BAY 73-4506 research buy resistance mediating polymorphisms in the pfdhfr and pfdhps genes in P. falciparum samples from Angola.

Methods: Plasmodium falciparum samples collected in Luanda, in 2007, were genotyped by amplification and DNA forward and reverse sequencing of the pfdhfr and pfdhps genes.

Results: The most prevalent polymorphisms identified were pfdhfr 108N (100%), 51I (93%), 59R (57%) and pfdhps 437G (93%). Resistance-mediating polymorphisms in pfdhps less commonly observed in West Africa were also identified (540E in 10%, 581G in 7% of samples).

Conclusion: This study documents an important prevalence of 4 P. falciparum polymorphisms that predicts an antifolate resistance

in Luanda. Further, some samples presented additional mutations associated to high-level resistance. These results suggest that the use of SP for IPT may no longer be warranted in Angola.”
“Background: Plectin, a member of the plakin family proteins, is a high molecular weight protein that is ubiquitously expressed. It acts as a cytolinker for the three major components of the cyotoskeleton, namely actin microfilaments, microtubules and intermediate filaments.

Objective: The aim of our experiments was to identify new binding sites for intermediate filaments on plectin and to specify these sites.

Methods: We introduced truncated forms of plectin into several cell lines and observe interaction between plectin and intermediate filaments.

Results: We found that a linker region in the COOH-terminal end of plectin this website was required for the association of the protein with intermediate filaments. In addition, we also demonstrated that a serine residue at position 4645 of plectin may have a role on binding of plectin to intermediate filaments.

Conclusion: A linker region in the COOH-terminal end and serine residue at position 4645 may be important for the binding of plectin to intermediate filaments. (C) 2012 Japanese Society for Investigative Dermatology. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights

reserved.”
“Aggressive YM155 Apoptosis inhibitor versus limited resection is an often-debated topic in epilepsy surgery. There are two inherent questions within this debate: (1) Can a more limited resection yield seizure freedom rates similar to those afforded by wider/more aggressive resection, with lower rates of neurological complications? (2) Does wider/more aggressive resection increase seizure freedom rates, with tolerable neurological complications rates? Further, if more limited resection has a lower seizure freedom rate, but fewer complications, is quality of life better or worse than that following a wider/more aggressive resection that increases seizure freedom rate but yields a higher complication rate? Here, we review the literature to address these questions.

Methods: A retrospective selleck chemicals llc case series study was conducted. Quality of life was evaluated

by an open-ended question form and 3 questionnaires: the Glasgow Benefit Inventory, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem scale, and the standard Medical Outcome Study Short-Form 12. The occurrence of peri-implant skin reactions (defined by Holgers), along with fixture stability and prosthesis data, were evaluated in 29 implants from 10 patients. The follow-up period varied between several months and more than 17 years.

Results: The 3 questionnaires showed an improvement in quality of life scores for all patients, and all patients would recommend the prosthesis. Skin reactions that needed treatment (ie, Holgers grades 2-4) were seen in 6.2% of all observations; 44.8% of the implants demonstrated either no reaction at all or redness only around the implant. A significant correlation was found between the Rosenberg Self-Esteem score and the number of prosthesis replacements.

Conclusion: In general, patients seemed to be satisfied with the auricular prostheses, which did improve their SNS-032 quality of life. Furthermore, the quality of life was enhanced with higher quality prostheses and with proper hygiene to prevent skin reactions.”
“There

is a surprising paucity of studies that provide quantitative correlative data on the extent of atherosclerosis between different topographic sites. The impact of cardiovascular risk factors is dependent on the vascular bed, which underlies site-selective effects on progression of atherosclerosis. Therefore, the intraindividual correlation of atherosclerosis between different topographic sites may be dependent on the specific cardiovascular

risk profile. The focused BIBF 1120 objective of the current study is to evaluate whether the correlation of the extent of atherosclerosis between different topographic sites is dependent on the type of hyperlipidemia. Atherosclerosis was quantified at four different topographic locations in the aorta of rabbits with type II or type III hyperlipidemia. Correlation coefficients and semi-partial correlation coefficients adjusted for plasma lipoproteins and sex were determined to compare the degree of atherosclerosis at different topographic sites. Semi-partial correlations adjusted for total plasma cholesterol, plasma triglycerides, and sex of the intima/media ratio between different topographic sites were highly dependent on the type of hyperlipidemia. E.g., the semi-partial correlation coefficient between the intima/media ratio at the level of the ascending aorta and at the level of the descending thoracic aorta was 0.87 (p < 0.0001) in the model of type II hyperlipidemia and was only 0.10 (p = NS) in the model of type III hyperlipidemia. This divergent pattern was also observed for other intersite correlations. Semi-partial Pearson correlation coefficients were very similar to unadjusted Pearson correlation coefficients.

3552597]”
“In order to investigate the immunopharmacological function of Astragalus polysaccharide (APS) in Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), multiple low-dose streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice

and normal mice were administered either APS or saline intraperitoneally once daily. The changes in galectin-1 expression in different organs of the mice were detected by ELISA, Real-time fluorescence quantitative RT-PCR and Western click here blot. The percentages of apoptotic CD8(+) T cells from spleens of APS-treated diabetic mice were measured by flow cytometry. We found that the expression of galectin-1 was increased in serum of APS-treated diabetic mice compared to the non-treated diabetic mice (*p < 0.05). Increased galectin-1 was mainly expressed in the muscle of APS-treated mice. In vitro, APS up-regulated the expression of galectin-1 in muscle cells in a dose-dependent manner. The percentage of apoptotic CD8(+) T cells in spleens of APS-treated mice was positively correlated with the concentration of APS treatment, and the blocking of galectin-1 in vivo by specific antibody reduced the percentage

of apoptotic CD8(+) T cells in APS-treated mice. Our findings indicated that APS could up-regulate the expression of galectin-1 in muscle of T1DM mice, resulting in the apoptosis of CD8(+) T cells. This may be an important mechanism by which APS protects beta cells of the pancreatic islets from apoptosis induced by CD8(+) T cells in T1DM in vivo.”
“We report a case of cat scratch disease

with bilateral selleck inhibitor renal microabscesses. This case is unique in that there were no other abscesses found intrabdominally. A previously healthy child was admitted with a 12-day history of fever and headaches. Bartonella henselae titers were initially IgG 1:640 and IgM 1:100, and later IgG >1:2560 and IgM >1:800. An abdominal Fer-1 clinical trial ultrasound examination was normal but CT scan revealed microabscesses in both kidneys.”
“To elucidate the effects of a static electric field on the crystal growth of a molecule with both a molecular dipole and a quadrupole moment, we performed physical vapor growth of monoclinic lead phthalocyanine (PbPc) crystals under quasithermal equilibrium conditions and observed distinct effects of the applied electric field on the drift motion of the molecules that diffused over the substrate surface. The density of crystals grown on the Au electrode with a high electric potential exceeds the crystal density on both an electrically grounded electrode and a glass substrate surface. In addition, this difference in crystal density increases with applied voltage. This biased distribution of crystal growth is explained by the drift motion of diffusing molecules, which is induced by the interaction of the electric field with molecular dipole and quadrupole moments.

Results: Seven of the original 8 OIDP items were translated into the local language. Cronbach’s alpha was 0.85 and 0.80 in urban and rural areas, respectively. The prevalence of oral impacts was 25% in the urban and 30% in the rural area. Corresponding estimates for CPI>0 were 63% and 68%. Adjusted ORs for having any oral impact were 1.1 (95% CI 0.7-1.7), 1.9

(95% CI 1.2-3.1), 1.7 (1.1-2.7) and 2.0 (0.9-4.4) if having respectively, CPI>0, at least C188-9 molecular weight one tooth lost, tooth loss in molars and tooth loss in molar-and anterior regions. The Adjusted ORs for any oral impact if reporting periodontal problems ranged from 2.7(95% CI 1.8-4.2) (bad breath) through 8.6(95% CI 5.6-12.9) (chewing problem) to 22.3 (95% CI 13.3-35.9) (toothache).

Conclusion: A substantial proportion of pregnant women experienced oral impacts. The OIDP impacts were most and least substantial regarding functional-and social concerns, respectively. The OIDP varied systematically with tooth loss in the molar region, reported chewing-and

periodontal problems. Pregnant women’s oral health should be addressed through antenatal care programs in societies with limited access to regular dental care facilities.”
“Electrolytic chromium-coated steel plates with a polyethylene teraphthalate (PET) polymer coating, used in the manufacturing of both flat and rippled watt cans and containers, were submitted to 40, 60, and 80 degrees C heating in an acetic-acetate medium and to electrochemical selleck kinase inhibitor polarization tests, to study the PET coating degradation and the structural changes leading to a loss of the protection capacity of the steel, as well as to determine the detachment at the interface level. The samples were analyzed by Raman vibrational spectroscopy, micro-Raman, and attenuated Captisol total reflection to evaluate changes in the composition and structure of the coatings. Also, the PET Surface was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to establish the coating degradation. Spectroscopy analyses showed small changes of crystallinity in the PET thickness at 80 degrees C and a reduced effect

of the mechanical forming of plates on crystallinity. The SEM characterization evidenced the presence of surface defects and failures on the coating caused by the acetic-acetate medium. (C) 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 113: 1853-1859,2009″
“Background: The AMC Linear Disability Score (ALDS) is a calibrated generic itembank to measure the level of physical disability in patients with chronic diseases. The ALDS has already been validated in different patient populations suffering from chronic diseases. The aim of this study was to assess the clinimetric properties of the ALDS in patients with peripheral arterial disease.

Methods: Patients with intermittent claudication (IC) and critical limb ischemia (CLI) presenting from January 2007 through November 2007 were included.

com); collaboration requests are welcome.”
“Surgical intensive care units (ICU) play a pivotal role in perioperative care of patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Differences in quality

of care provided by medical staff in ICUs may be linked to improved outcome. This review aims to elucidate the relationship between quality of care at various ICUs and patient outcome, with the ultimate aim of identifying key measures for achieving optimal outcome.

We reviewed the literature in PubMed to identify current ICU structural and process concepts and variations before evaluating their CUDC-907 manufacturer respective impact on quality of care and outcome in major abdominal surgery.

ICU leadership, nurse and physician staffing, and provision of an intermediate care unit are important structural components that impact on patients’ outcome. A “”mixed ICU”" model, with intensivists primarily caring for the patients in close cooperation with the primary physician, seems to be the most effective ICU model. Surgeons’ involvement in intensive care is essential, and a close cooperation between surgeons and anesthesiologists is vital for good outcome.

Current general process concepts include early mobilization, enteral feeding, and optimal perioperative fluid management. To decrease failure-to-rescue rates, procedure-specific intensive care processes are particularly focused on the early detection, assessment, and timely and consistent treatment of complications.

Several structures selleck inhibitor and processes in the ICU have an impact on outcome in major abdominal surgery. ICU structures and care processes learn more connected with optimal outcome could be transmitted to other centers to improve outcome, independent of procedure volume.”
“Background. Patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD) are at high risk of cardiovascular (CV) events and often have hypertension with a high pulse pressure (PP). We studied the prognostic value of ambulatory blood

pressure (ABP) in PAD patients with special reference to PP. Methods. 98 consecutive males with PAD had 24-h ABP measurements. The mean age was 68 years and CV comorbidity was prevalent. The outcome variable was CV events defined as CV mortality or any hospitalization for myocardial infarction, stroke or coronary revascularization. The predictive value of ABP variables was assessed by Cox regression. 90 age-matched men free of CV disease served as controls. Results. During follow-up (median 71 months), 36 patients and seven controls had at least one CV event. In PAD patients, 24-h PP (hazard ratios, HR, 1.48 (95% confidence interval, CI, 1.14-1.92), p < 0.01) predicted CV events. Office PP did not predict events in PAD patients (HR 1.15 (0.97-1.38), ns). In multivariate analysis, 24-h PP (HR 1.48 (1.12-1.95), p < 0.01) remained a predictor of CV events. Conclusions. Ambulatory PP predicts CV events in patients with PAD. ABP measurement may be indicated for better risk stratification in PAD patients.

“
“The objectives of this study were to develop and evaluate a novel self-emulsifying floating drug delivery system (SEFDDS) that resulted in improved solubility, dissolution, and controlled release of the poorly water-soluble tetrahydrocurcumin (THC). The formulations of liquid self-emulsifying drug delivery system (SEDDS; mixtures of Labrasol, Cremophor EL, Capryol 90, Labrafac PG) were optimized by solubility assay and pseudo-ternary phase diagram analysis. The liquid SEDDS was mixed with adsorbent (silicon dioxide), glyceryl behenate,

pregelatinized starch, sodium starch glycolate, and microcrystalline cellulose and transformed into pellets by the extrusion/spheronization technique. The resulting pellets with 22% liquid SEDDS had a uniform size and good self-emulsification property. The microemulsions in aqueous media of different self-emulsifying floating pellet formulations were in a particle size PD98059 mw range of 25.9-32.5 nm. Use of different weight proportions of glyceryl behenate and sodium starch glycolate in pellet formulations had different effects on the floating abilities and buy Fosbretabulin in vitro drug release. The optimum formulation (F2) had a floating efficiency

of 93% at 6 h and provided a controlled release of THC over an 8-h period. The release rate and extent of release of THC liquid SEDDS (80% within 2 h) and self-emulsifying floating pellet formulation (80% within 8 h) were significantly higher than that of unformulated THC (only 30% within 8 h). The pellet formulation was stable under intermediate and accelerated storage conditions for up to 6 months. Controlled release from this novel SEFDDS can be a useful alternative for the strategic development of oral solid lipid-based formulations.”
“Background: While there are many published studies on HIV and functional limitations, there

are few in the context of early PF-00299804 concentration abuse and its impact on functionality and Quality of Life (QoL) in HIV.

Methods: The present study focused on HIV in the context of childhood trauma and its impact on functionality and Quality of Life (QoL) by evaluating 85 HIV-positive (48 with childhood trauma and 37 without) and 52 HIV-negative (21 with childhood trauma and 31 without) South African women infected with Clade C HIV. QoL was assessed using the Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire (Q-LES-Q), the Patient’s Assessment of Own Functioning Inventory (PAOFI), the Activities of Daily Living (ADL) scale and the Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS). Furthermore, participants were assessed using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) and the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ).

Results: Subjects had a mean age of 30.1 years. After controlling for age, level of education and CES-D scores, analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) demonstrated significant individual effects of HIV status and childhood trauma on self-reported QoL. No significant interactional effects were evident.

Recently, resources to increase Australian OTD rates have

been aimed at emergency departments (ED) as a significant missed donor potential was discovered. A cross-sectional survey was conducted to assess Australian ED clinicians’ acceptance and knowledge regarding BD. Most (86%) of the 599 medical and 212 nursing staff accepted BD, but only 60% passed a 5-item-validated BD knowledge tool. BD knowledge was related to the acceptance of BD. Accepting BD influenced attitudes toward OTD, including willingness to donate. BD acceptance and knowledge were related to education/training regarding OTD, years of experience in EDs, experience with OTD-related tasks, and increased perceived competence and comfort Kinase Inhibitor Library concentration with OTD-related tasks. Of concern, more than half of respondents who did not pass the BD test reported feeling competent and comfortable explaining BD to next of kin; of respondents who had recent experience with this, more than a third failed the BD test. Despite

being generally positive toward OTD, Australian ED clinicians do not have a sound knowledge of BD. This may be hampering efforts to increase donation rates from the ED.”
“PURPOSE: To compare 2 new optical biometry devices with the present gold standard biometer.

SETTING: Vienna Institute for Research in Ocular Surgery, Department of Ophthalmology, Hanusch Hospital, Vienna, Austria.

DESIGN: Evaluation of diagnostic test or technology.

METHODS: In patients scheduled Selleck P5091 for cataract surgery, measurements performed with the current gold standard optical biometer (IOLMaster) were compared with those of 2 new optical biometers, the Lenstar LS 900 (optical low-coherence reflectometry [OLCR] device; substudy 1) and the IOLMaster 500 (partial coherence interferometry [PCI] device; Autophagy 抑制剂 substudy 2). The duration of patient data entry and of 1:he actual measurement process and the time from intraocular lens power calculation to printout were calculated.

RESULTS:

The mean difference in axial length measurements was 0.01 mm +/- 0.05 (SD) between the gold standard device and the new OLCR device and 0.01 +/- 0.02 mm between the gold standard device and the new PCI device (P = .12 and P < .001, respectively). Measurements with the new OLCR device took significantly longer than with the gold standard device (mean difference 209 +/- 127 seconds), and measurements with the gold standard device took significantly longer than with the new PCI device (mean difference 82 +/- 46 seconds) (both P < .001).

CONCLUSIONS: All 3 devices were easy to use for biometry before cataract surgery. Measurements with the new PCI device took half as long as those with the gold standard device. Measurements with the new OLCR device took twice as long as those with the gold standard device.

Results: The prevalence of BP among 4059 individuals was 14.6% (95% confidence interval [CI], 13.6-15.8). The prevalence of IBP and SpA was 1.3% (95% CI, 1.0-1.7) and 0.6% (95% CI, 0.4-0.9), respectively. Ankylosing spondylitis prevalence was 0.1% (95% CI, 0.02-0.2). Inflammatory back pain and SpA percentage of males and females was similar. The percentage of individuals with IBP according to the 2 experts was lower than that determined by general physicians

and rheumatology fellows, but all cases with HLA-B27, radiographic sacroiliitis, SpA, and AS had previous IBP confirmation by the expert.

Conclusions: The prevalence and sex distribution of patients classified with SpA in this community study-as well as that of patients diagnosed with AS-are consistent with those found in recent studies. Expert OSI-906 assessment of individuals with positive responses to questionnaires is relevant for the classification of IBP and SpA.”
“Background: Infusion of large volume of fluid is practiced in the treatment of hemorrhagic shock although resuscitation

with small fluid volumes reduces the risks associated with fluid overload. We explored the hypothesis that reduced Ringer’s lactate (RL) volume restoration in hemorrhage is significantly improved by increasing its viscosity, leading to improved microvascular conditions.

Methods: Awake hamsters were subjected to a hemorrhage of 50% of blood volume followed by a shock period of 1 hour. They were resuscitated

with conventional RL (n = 6) or with RL whose viscosity was click here increased by the addition of 0.3% alginate (RL-HV) (n = 6). In both cases, the volume infused was 200% of shed blood.

Results: After resuscitation, blood and plasma viscosities were 1.9 cp +/- 0.18 cp and 1.0 cp +/- 0.03 cp in RL and 2.5 cp +/- 0.34 cp and 1.6 cp +/- 0.05 cp in RL-HV. Mean arterial pressure was lower than Selleckchem FK866 baseline in RL. Arteriolar diameter and arteriolar and venular flow were significantly higher in RL-HV. Functional capillary density was significantly higher in RL-HV than RL. After 90 minutes of resuscitation, functional capillary density was lower than baseline in RL, whereas it was maintained in RL-HV. Arteriolar PO(2) was higher in RL-HV than RL. Microcirculation O(2) delivery and tissue PO(2) were significantly higher in RL-HV.

Conclusions: Increasing blood and plasma viscosities in resuscitation from hemorrhagic shock with increased viscosity RL improves microvascular hemodynamics and oxygenation parameters.”
“Background: Most epidemiologic studies involving severe granulomatosis with polyangiitis (SGPA) patients have investigated populations from the northern hemisphere, whereas few studies have been conducted in South America.

(C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3615956]“
“Background and Aims: We investigated the behaviour of non-cholesterol sterols,

KPT-330 datasheet surrogate markers of cholesterol absorption (campesterol and sitosterol) and synthesis (lathosterol), in primary hyperlipemias.

Methods and results: We studied 53 patients with polygenic hypercholesterolemia (PH), 38 patients with familial combined hyperlipemia (FCH), and 19 age-and sex-matched healthy control subjects. In all participants, plasma sitosterol, campesterol and lathosterol were determined by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. To correct for the effect of plasma lipid levels, non-cholesterol sterol concentrations were adjusted for plasma BMS202 cholesterol (10(2) mu mol/mmol cholesterol). Patients with FCH were more frequently men, and had higher body mass index (BMI), fasting glucose, insulin and HOMA-IR. Lathosterol was higher in FCH than in pH or controls (p < 0.05). Campesterol was significantly lower in FCH (p < 0.05), while no differences were found between pH and controls. Sitosterol displayed higher values in pH compared to FCH (p < 0.001) and controls (p < 0.05). Spearman’s rank correlations showed positive correlations of lathosterol with BMI, waist circumference, HOMA-IR, triglycerides,

apoprotein B, and a negative one with HDL-cholesterol. Sitosterol had a negative correlation with BMI, waist circumference, HOMA-IR, triglycerides, and a positive one with HDL-cholesterol and buy GSI-IX apoprotein AI. Multivariate regression analyses showed that cholesterol absorption markers predicted higher HDL-cholesterol levels, while HOMA-IR was a negative predictor of sitosterol and BMI a positive predictor of lathosterol.

Conclusions: Our findings suggest the occurrence of an increased cholesterol synthesis in FCH, and an increased cholesterol absorption in pH. Markers of cholesterol synthesis cluster with clinical and laboratory markers of obesity and

insulin resistance. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Paracetamol (PAR) crystals exhibit poor compressibility, poor flowability and its tablets show a tendency to cap. To improve the mechanical strength of tablets several kinds of “”Paracetamol for direct compression”" are present on the market. Current research demonstrated the best tablet properties with coated paracetamol (mass of tablets, diameter, height and mechanical strength, friability RSD < 2%). Furthermore, coated paracetamol in combination with both investigated superdisintegrants such as Vivasol(R) and Polyplasdone(R) XL-10 shows faster disintegration time and dissolution rate in comparison to paracetamol for direct compression.

sarboten) fruits and Lactobacillus rhamnosus on hair growth in mice. The bacterial number after fermentation always remained higher than 6 log CFU/mL and the pH of those ranged from 4 to 6. Mice topically

applied with 0.1 mL essence at once daily for 8 days after shaving furs of their back showed more significant hair growth promoting effect than that of minoxidil. Body SNS-032 mouse weight and food intake of all groups didn’t show significant difference. Furthermore, histological evaluation showed that the essence containing fermented products markedly increased the depth and size of the hair follicles, as compared to the minoxidil.”
“A culture model was developed in Vitis vinifera L, cultivar ‘Chardonnay’ for studying SE (Somatic Embryogenesis). Proteases inhibitor The auxin 2,4-D (2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) was used to induce indirect secondary embryogenesis at a high rate, starting from embryos derived from embryogenic cultures previously obtained. Cotyledonary embryos were shown to be more responsive to SE induction than embryos at

the torpedo-stage and were used for molecular analyses. The expression of SERK (Somatic Embryogenesis Receptor Kinase), L1L (Leafy Cotyledon I Like) and a set of PR (Pathogenesis-Related) genes was monitored during the whole SE process. VvSERK1. VvSERK2 and VvL1L were down-regulated by the 2,4-D treatment but expressed in embryonic tissues. On the contrary, VvPR1, VvPR8, VvPR10.1 and VvPR10.3 were strongly up-regulated by the 2,4-D treatment, and their transcripts were not or only weakly detected in clusters of secondary embryos. VvSERK3, VvPR3 and VvPR10.2 were more stably expressed in all tissues examined. The discussion deals with the putative role of the different genes in grapevine SE. (C) 2009 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.”
“The objective of the present work was to determine the effect

of the addition of a microorganism derived emulsifier on the quality of bread. The effect of Bacillus subtilis SPB1 biosurfactant has been investigated in comparison to a commercial surfactant, the soya lecithin. Indeed, it led to a better shape and a greater specific AZD6738 volume and voided fraction of loaves. Also, results showed that SPB1 bioemulsifier addition improved considerably the texture profile of bread, mainly at a concentration of 0.075%(w/w). In fact, we showed a notable decrease of firmness, chewiness, and adhesion values with a slight increase of cohesion for bread added emulsifier. According to crumb texture evolution during storage, SPB1 biosurfactant exhibited a significant antistaling effect. Moreover, SPB1 biosurfactant addition reduced significantly bread susceptibility to microbial contamination. These results proved that SPB1 biosurfactant could be of a great interest in the bread-making industry.