Biol Plant 511:157–160CrossRef Ahlholm JU, Heland M, Lehtimäki, Wäli P, Saikkonen K (2000) Vertically transmitted fungal endophytes: Different responses of host-parasite systems to environmental conditions. Oikos 99:173–183 Andrade-Linares DR, Grosch R, Restrepo S, Krumbein A, Franken P (2011) Effects of dark septate endophytes on tomato plant performance.

Mycorrhiza 21:413–22PubMedCrossRef Apel K, Hirt H (2004) Reactive oxygen species: metabolism, oxidative stress, and signal transduction. Rev Plant Physiol 55:373–99 Asai T, Guillaume T, Plotnikova J, Willmann MR, Chiu W-L, Gomez-Gomez L, Boller T, Ausubel FM, Sheen J (2002) MAP kinase signalling cascade in Arabidopsis innate immunity. Nature 415:977–83PubMedCrossRef Bae H, Sicher RC, Moon SK, Kim S-H, Strem MD, Melnick RL, Bailey BA (2009) The beneficial endophyte this website Trichoderma hamatum isolate DIS 219b promotes growth and delays the onset of the drought response

in Theobroma cacao. Exp Bot 60:3279–2395CrossRef Baltruschat H, Fodor J, Harrach BD, Niemczk E, Barna B, Gullner G, Janeczko A, Kogel K-H, Schäfer P, Schwarczinger I, Zuccaro A, Skoczowski A (2008) Salt tolerance of barley induced by the root endophyte Piriformospora indica is associated with a strong increase in https://www.selleckchem.com/products/MDV3100.html antioxidants. New Phytol 180:501–510PubMedCrossRef Bartholdy BA, Berreck M, Haselwandter K (2001) Hydoxamate siderophores synthesis by Phialocephala fortinii, a typical dark septate fungal root endophyte. BioMetals 14:33–42PubMedCrossRef Bonnet M, Camares O, Veisseire Dolutegravir research buy P (2000) Effects of zinc and influence of Acremonium lolii on growth parameters, chlorophyll a fluorescence and antioxidant enzyme activities of ryegrass (Lolium perenne L. cv Apollo). J Exp Bot 51:945–53PubMedCrossRef Bronstein JL (1994) Our current understanding of mutualism. Q Rev Biol 69:31–51CrossRef Broshce M, Overmyer K, Wrzaczek M, Kangasjärvi J (2009) Stress signaling III: reactive oxygen species. In: Pareek A, Sopory S, Bohnert H, Govindjee

(eds) Abiotic stress adaptation in plants: physiological, molecular and genomic foundation. Springer, Berlin, pp 91–102 Calderón AA, Zapata JM, Romualdo M, Pedreño MA, Barceló AR (1993) Resveratrol production as a part of the hypersensitive-like response of grapevine cells to an elicitor from Trichoderma viride. New Phytol 124:455–463CrossRef Cázares E, Trappe JM, Jumpponen A (2005) Mycorrhiza-plant colonization patterns on a subalpine glacier forefront as a model system of primary succession. Mycorrhiza 15:405–16PubMedCrossRef Chacón MR, Rodríguez-Galán O, Benítez T, Sousa S, Rey M, Llobell A, Delgado-Jarana J (2007) Microscopic and transcriptome analyses of early colonization of tomato roots by Trichoderma harzianum. Int Microbiol 10:19–27PubMed Cheplick GP, Faeth SH (2009) Ecology and evolution of the grass-endophyte symbiosis.

Synchronization primarily acts on gene expression, as evidenced first by studies focusing on individual cell cycle (e.g. dnaA, ftsZ) and photosynthesis related genes (e.g. pcbA, psbA) [12, 13], then more recently at the whole transcriptome level [14]. Under optimal growth conditions, generation times of Prochlorococcus populations are generally around 24 h, though faster growth rates have sometimes been reported [8]. The DNA replication period is usually restricted to the late afternoon and dusk period and cytokinesis occurs during the night [6, 7, 13]. Studying the interplay between energy www.selleckchem.com/products/pu-h71.html source fluctuations (i.e. changes

in light quantities and/or spectral composition) and cell cycle dynamics of Prochlorococcus is of special interest as it lays the foundation for designing VX-680 nmr reliable population growth models for this key organism, considered to be the most abundant free-living photosynthetic organism on Earth [15]. As early as 1995, Vaulot and coworkers [7] noticed that in field populations of Prochlorococcus, the timing of DNA replication varied with depth, with the initiation

of DNA synthesis occurring about 3 h earlier below the thermocline than in the upper mixed layer. At that time, these authors interpreted this delay as a possible protective mechanism to prevent exposure of replicating DNA to the high midday irradiances and especially UV. Since then, a number of studies have shown that Prochlorococcus populations are in fact composed of several genetically distinct check ecotypes adapted to

different light niches in the water column [16–18]. The upper mixed layer is dominated by the so-called high light adapted (HL) ecotypes (HLI and HLII, also called eMED4 and eMIT9312, respectively), whereas low light adapted (LL) ecotypes (such as LLII and LLIV, also called eSS120 and eMIT9313, respectively) are restricted to the bottom of the euphotic zone [19–22]. These studies also showed that a third ecotype (eNATL), initially classified as a LL clade (LLI), preferentially lived at intermediate depth, reaching maximal concentrations in the vicinity of the thermocline. Comparative genomics revealed that these various ecotypes display a number of genomic differences, including distinct sets of genes involved in DNA repair pathways [3, 23, 24]. For instance, genes encoding DNA photolyases, which are involved in the repair of thymidine dimers, are found in HL and eNATL ecotypes, but not in “”true”" LL strains (i.e., LLII-IV clades). Besides this light niche specialization, a dramatic genome reduction has affected all Prochlorococcus lineages except the LLIV clade, situated at the base of the Prochlorococcus radiation.

Training achieve different titles, as well as different is the duration in years of training. The only unifying element, which dates back to 1977, is represented by the European directives (77/452/EEC and

77/453/EEC, 27 June 1977) that governed the harmonization of programs and the number of hours needed to become nurse: 2300 of theory and 2300 of clinical practice (180 Ilomastat nmr credits – CFU). Table 1 Nursing education in Europe Traditional schools Higher Professional Schools Traditional Schools and University University France Holland United Kingdom Spain Germany Denmark Ireland Italy     Norway Northern Ireland       Scotland       Wales In Italy, the role of the nursing profession in the interdisciplinary specialty of neurorehabilitation remains poorly defined. There is currently no structured system allowing nurses to undertake further training to become nurse specialists (NSps) or nurse practitioners (NPs) in neurorehabilitation, and there is no system for the validation and accreditation of nursing skills. There therefore exists a need to promote excellence in rehabilitation nursing see more care by validating specialist knowledge and introducing qualifications in this area. These needs prompted us to propose a structured pathway that could be followed by staff nurses wishing to become NSps in neurorehabilitation. Specifically, the purposes of this paper are to

identify areas of need within nurses’ clinical education and to propose an education course, defining the main topics to be included in a neurorehabilitation nursing core curriculum. Methods A literature review was conducted by means of PubMed, Cochrane database, and web searches

for potentially relevant titles combining the search terms “nurses” and “nursing” with “education”, “rehabilitation”, “neurology”, “neuro-oncology”, “brain tumors”, “learning”, “core curriculum”. The main limits applied for the PubMed search were: clinical trial; meta-analysis; practice guideline; review; classical article; consensus development conference, NIH; guideline; journal article; newspaper article; MEDLINE; O-methylated flavonoid nursing journals; systematic reviews. Preference was given to works published between January 2000 and December 2008 in English. The search strategy identified 523 non-duplicated references of which 271 titles were considered relevant. After reviewing the abstracts, 147 papers were selected and made available to a group of healthcare professionals (nurses, physicians, physiotherapists, psychologists) with specific experience in neurorehabilitation, to perform a final revision. Each professional reviewed the articles and identified a limited number of areas and related topics deemed, by them, fundamental for anyone seeking to acquire the knowledge and skills needed to practice rehabilitation nursing.

Based on the existing literature, we hypothesized that an ultra-marathon can lead to peripheral oedemas with an increase in the feet volume and that fluid overload would be associated PF-01367338 mouse with these increases. In case of fluid overload leading to an increase in the feet volume we hypothesized furthermore finding an association between changes in plasma [Na+] and the feet volume and a higher prevalence of EAH. In accordance with our

hypothesis, fluid intake was related to the change in feet volume. Furthermore, we found an association between the change in plasma [Na+] and the change in the feet volume. In addition, four subjects (5.3%) developed asymptomatic EAH with plasma [Na+] between 132 and 134 mmol/L. The most important finding in this study was that fluid intake was significantly and positively related to the change in the foot volume, where an increased fluid intake was leading to an increased volume of the foot. Both the change in the foot volume and fluid intake were significantly and negatively related to running speed. Faster runners were drinking less during the race, and their

foot volume tended to decrease. In accordance with our findings, Bracher et al. [32] demonstrated that fluid intake was positively related with the changes in the limb volumes. Since these authors found no association between fluid-regulating hormones and renal parameters with the changes in limb volumes, they concluded that fluid overload was the most likely mechanism leading to an increase in limb volumes. As fluid selleck compound intake was associated with the change in foot volume in the present study, we assume that no significant changes in total body water occurred in the present participants responsible for a possible development of peripheral oedemas. In case of excessive fluid intake with fluid overload, we would expect an increase in total

body mass [17, 19, 20], a decrease in plasma [Na+] [17–21], an increase in plasma volume and a decrease in haematocrit due to haemodilution [15]. In the present subjects, haematocrit decreased significantly and plasma volume increased by 5.3% indicating that fluid overload occurred. However, body Selleck Ibrutinib mass decreased, and both urine specific gravity and plasma [Na+] increased. In case of dehydration, as has been demonstrated in 12- and 24-hour ultra-marathoners [10], both a decrease in body mass and an increase in urine specific gravity have been reported [36, 37]. Furthermore, an increase in plasma [Na+] is expected when the water loss, including water loss by sweat, inducing dehydration is hypotonic compared with plasma [37]. The present subjects lost 2.4% of their body mass during the race, which was equal to mild dehydration and their post-race urine specific gravity was 1.024 g/ml indicating even a significant dehydration according to Kavouras [36].

PLoS One 2007, 2:e659.PubMedCrossRef 6. Cahill RJ, Tan S, Dougan G, O’Gaora P, Pickard D, Kennea N, Sullivan MHF, Feldman RG, Edwards AD: Universal DNA primers amplify bacterial DNA from human fetal membranes and link fusobacterium selleck screening library nucleatum with prolonged preterm membrane rupture. Mol Hum Reprod 2005,11(10):761–766.PubMedCrossRef 7. Han YW, Redline

RW, Li M, Yin L, Hill GB, McCormick TS: Fusobacterium nucleatum induces premature and term stillbirths in pregnant mice: implication of oral bacteria in preterm birth. Infect Immun 2004,72(4):2272.PubMedCrossRef 8. Han YW, Shen T, Chung P, Buhimschi IA, Buhimschi CS: Uncultivated bacteria as etiologic agents of intra-amniotic inflammation leading to preterm birth. J Clin Microbiol 2009,47(1):38–47.PubMedCrossRef 9. Castellarin M, Warren RL, Freeman JD, Dreolini L, Krzywinski M, Strauss J, Barnes R, Watson P, Allen-Vercoe E, Moore RA: Fusobacterium nucleatum infection is prevalent in human colorectal carcinoma. Genome Res 2012,22(2):299–306.PubMedCrossRef check details 10. Kostic AD, Gevers D, Pedamallu CS, Michaud M, Duke F, Earl AM, Ojesina AI, Jung J, Bass AJ, Tabernero J: Genomic analysis identifies association of fusobacterium with colorectal carcinoma. Genome Res 2012,22(2):292–298.PubMedCrossRef 11. Bickel M,

Munoz JL, Giovannini P: Acid–base properties of human gingival crevicular fluid. J Dent Res 1985,64(10):1218–1220.PubMedCrossRef 12. Eggert F, Drewell L, Bigelow J, Speck J, Goldner M: The pH of gingival crevices Ureohydrolase and periodontal pockets in children, teenagers and adults. Arch Oral Biol 1991,36(3):233–238.PubMedCrossRef 13. Bickel M, Cimasoni G: The pH of human crevicular fluid measured by a new microanalytical technique. J Periodontal Res 1985,20(1):35–40.PubMedCrossRef 14. Vroom JM, De Grauw KJ, Gerritsen HC, Bradshaw DJ, Marsh PD, Watson GK, Birmingham JJ, Allison C: Depth penetration and detection of pH gradients in biofilms by two-photon excitation microscopy. Appl Environ Microbiol 1999,65(8):3502–3511.PubMed 15. Marsh PD: Microbial ecology of dental plaque

and its significance in health and disease. Adv Dent Res 1994,8(2):263–271.PubMed 16. Takahashi N, Saito K, Schachtele C, Yamada T: Acid tolerance and acid-neutralizing activity of porphyromonas gingivalis, prevotella intermedia and fusobacterium nucleatum. Oral Microbiol Immunol 1997,12(6):323–328.PubMedCrossRef 17. Rogers AH, Zilm PS, Gully NJ, Pfennig AL, Marsh P: Aspects of the growth and metabolism of fusobacterium nucleatum ATCC 10953 in continuous culture. Oral Microbiol Immunol 1991,6(4):250–255.PubMedCrossRef 18. Zilm PS, Rogers AH: Co-adhesion and biofilm formation by fusobacterium nucleatum in response to growth pH. Anaerobe 2007,13(3–4):146–152.PubMedCrossRef 19. Takahashi N, Sato T: Dipeptide utilization by the periodontal pathogens porphyromonas gingivalis, prevotella intermedia, prevotella nigrescens and fusobacterium nucleatum. Oral Microbiol Immunol 2002,17(1):50–54.

At high V/III ratio, the available AsH3 molecules are far more than enough for group III species, thus the excess AsH3 may act as impurity-free ‘morphactants’ and raise the surface energy [17], leading to the suppression of QD formation. This effect becomes prominent with the increase of V/III ratio, finally causing the sudden decrease of QD density at V/III ratio of 200 (phase III). However, with further increase of V/III ratio, the QD density increases gently. The reasons are still not clear at this moment, but in this case, the partial pressure of group III species

becomes so low that the possibility of surface reconstruction, which is not detectable during MOCVD growth, may need to be considered. Further experimental works will be conducted to clarify this phenomenon. The PL measurements of selected samples were conducted PF-4708671 clinical trial and the results are shown in Figure 3. Figure 3a shows the photoluminescence from an ensemble of GaAs/InAs QD (V/III ratio

= 50)/60 nm GaAs cap measured at 300 K using excitation at 514 nm. The ground state (labeled as GS) emission peak and the excited state (labeled as ES) emission peak are identified by fitting the PL spectra with two Gaussians. The full width at half maximum of the GS emission peak is 63 nm, indicating that the uniformity of the QDs should be further improved by optimizing other growth parameters. Low-temperature (77 K) μPL using excitation at 514 nm was measured for the ensemble of GaAs/InAs QD (V/III ratio = selleck compound 35)/60 nm GaAs cap (Figure 3b). Verteporfin cell line The emission peak at 966.8 nm indicates that the ensemble has single QD emission characteristics, suggesting that this growth approach can be used for the fabrication of single-photon devices. Figure 3 Results of PL measurements of selected samples. (a) Room-temperature PL spectrum of GaAs/InAs QD (V/III ratio = 50)/60 nm GaAs cap measured at 300 K. (b) The μPL spectrum of GaAs/InAs

QD (V/III ratio = 35)/60 nm GaAs cap measured at 77 K. Conclusions In conclusion, we have described the effects of the V/III ratio on the density and sizes of InAs QDs. Due to the effects of several competing mechanisms resulting from increasing AsH3 partial pressure on coverage, In adatom migration length and surface energy, which are the complicated behaviors of QD formation, are observed. The results also demonstrate that the densities of InAs QDs can be manipulated easily in a wide range from 105 to 1010 cm−2 by varying the V/III ratio. Although the initial PL studies show that the optical performance of InAs QDs should be further improved, this V/III ratio-dependent InAs QDs growth approach may prove very useful for the MOCVD growth of different QDs-based device structures due to its simplicity and reproducibility. Authors’ information LSL, YLL, and JPZ are PhD students at Huazhong University of Science and Technology. QQC and SCS are Master’s degree students at Huazhong University of Science and Technology.

The findings described in this report warrant further investigations of the efficacy of baicalin against this form of lymphoma. Support and Financial Disclosure Declaration This work was supported

by grants from National Science & Technology Pillar Program (2008BAI61B01), the Fujian Bureau of Education (NCEFJ-0604), the Fujian Bureau of Public Health (2001-CX-02), and Fujian Medical University (JS06081). References 1. God JM, Haque A: Burkitt lymphoma: pathogenesis and immune evasion. J Oncol 2010. pii: 516047. Epub 2010 Oct 5. PMID: 20953370 selleck chemicals 2. Okebe JU, Skoetz N, Meremikwu MM, Richards S: Therapeutic interventions for Burkitt lymphoma in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011,6(7):CD005198. 3. Li C, Lin G, Zuo Vorinostat price Z: Pharmacological effects and pharmacokinetics properties of Radix Scutellariae and its bioactive flavones. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2011. [Epub ahead of print] 4. Li-Weber M: New therapeutic aspects

of flavones: The anticancer properties of Scutellaria and its main active constituents Wogonin, Baicalein and Baicalin. Cancer Treat Rev 2009, 35:57–68.PubMedCrossRef 5. Srinivas NR: Baicalin, an emerging multi-therapeutic agent: pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, and considerations from drug development perspectives. Xenobiotica 2010, 40:357.PubMedCrossRef 6. Shieh DE, Cheng HY, Yen MH, Chiang LC, Lin PRKACG CC: Baicalin-induced apoptosis is mediated by Bcl-2-dependent, but not p53-dependent, pathway in human leukemia

cell lines. Am J Chin Med 2006, 34:245–261.PubMedCrossRef 7. Lu HF, Hsueh SC, Ho YT, Kao MC, Yang JS, Chiu TH, Huamg SY, Lin CC, Chung JG: ROS mediates baicalin-induced apoptosis in human promyelotic leukemia HL-60 cells through the expression of the Gadd153 and mitochondrial-dependent pathway. Anticancer Res 2007, 27:117–126.PubMed 8. Zheng J, Hu JD, Huang Y, Chen BY: Effects of baicalin on proliferation and apoptosis of adriamycin-resistant human leukemia HL-60/ADR cells. Zhongguo Shi Yan Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi 2009, 17:1198–1202.PubMed 9. Kumagai T, Müller CI, Desmond JC, Imai Y, Heber D, Koeffler HP: Scutellaria baicalensis, a herbal medicine: Anti-proliferative and apoptotic activity against acute lymphocytic leukemia, lymphoma and myeloma cell lines. Leuk Res 2007, 31:523–530.PubMedCrossRef 10. Kawauchi K, Ogasawara T, Yasuyama M, Otsuka K, Yamada O: The PI3K/Akt pathway as a target in the treatment of hematologic malignancies. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2009, 9:550–559.PubMed 11. Vu C, Fruman DA: Target of rapamycin signaling in leukemia and lymphoma. Clin Cancer Res 2010, 16:5374–5380.PubMedCrossRef 12.

Sap sugars are presumably the main C and energy source for the RPW larvae and its microbiota, that is dominated by fermenting bacteria to obtain several metabolites including lactate and

acetate. Acknowledgements The authors thank Maria Grazia Cusimano, Rosella Maggio and Flavia Contino for technical assistance in bacterial isolation, DNA extraction and amplification, and selleck chemical control of DNA quality for pyrosequencing, respectively. This work was partially financed by a grant from the Italian Ministry of Education (PRIN Program 2008 prot. 200847CA28-002) and by the University of Palermo (project FFR 2012 ATE-0322 N.2785). Electronic supplementary material Additional file 1: Phoenix canariensis infested by Rhynchophorous ferrugineus (A and B); different infested palms cut in the higher part are shown. Larvae of the red palm weevil (RPW) Rhynchophorus ferrugineus, found inside the body of the infested palm (C). Female adult specimen of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Rhynchophorinae) (D). MI-503 cost (PDF 171 KB) Additional file 2: Complete results of 16S pyrotag sequence clustering and taxonomic assignment by RDP of clusters and singletons at 90%, 95% and 97% ID. (XLS 93 KB) Additional file 3: Relative

abundance of bacterial families in the gut of RPW larvae as detected by pyrosequencing of the 16SrRNA gene V2 region. (JPEG 46 KB) Additional file 4: Phylogenetic tree of 16S rRNA gene amplicons clustered at 97% consensus. The tree was constructed by neighbour-joining method and Jukes Cantor distance matrix using the arb software. Bootstraps were calculated over 1000 random repetitions: values >60 and < =75 are shown as open circles, whereas values >75 are shown as filled circles. Sequences obtained in this study are indicated in bold. The scale bar represents 10% sequence divergence. (PDF 231 KB) Additional file 5: Phylogenetic tree of 16S rDNA sequences of RPW gut isolates and related sequences, as determined RG7420 mw by distance

Jukes-Cantor analysis. One thousand boostrap analyses were conducted and values greater than 60% are reported. Two Archaea sequences of Methanopirus kandleri and Korarchaeum cryptophilum were used as outgroup. The scale bar represents the expected number of changes per nucleotide position. Colors indicate the isolation site or the isolation procedure described in this work and in [2]. Blue: RPW gut isolates on NA; Red: frass bacteria; Green: palm bacterial endophytes; Fuchsia: gut isolates obtained from enrichment cultures on CMC; Yellow: larval cuticle bacteria isolated from sterilization control plates. Isolate_RPWenrichAAB* was isolated from the RPW larval gut from enrichment cultures set for for Acetic Acid Bacteria isolation [42].

SPARC has been found to act as an angiogenesis inhibitor by regulating the activities of growth factors like VEGF and platelet-derived growth factor [29–32]. While regulating VEGF, SPARC can bind to VEGF through EF-arm of the FS and EC areas to inhibit VEGF-stimulated proliferation of endothelial cells [7, 8, 33]. The role of slowing and terminating the tumor growth with SPARC by inhibiting the synthesis https://www.selleckchem.com/products/Temsirolimus.html and secretion of VEGF has been reported in glioma [34]. Similarly, Chlenski et al. [35] found that SPARC is an inhibitor

of angiogenesis in Schwann cells. They showed that MVD value of SPARC-treating group was significantly lower than non-treated control group and demonstrated that purified SPARC potently inhibited neuroblastoma growth and angiogenesis in vivo. In the current GSK458 in vitro study, from the expression pattern of SPARC and VEGF, we found that VEGF and SPARC were mainly expressed in tumor cells and MSC, respectively. The expression of the angiogenic factor VEGF and the intratumoral vascular density were apparently not related to the production of SPARC in MSC, however, high levels of

SPARC in MSC was significantly negative related with VEGF expression and MVD counts. In addition, our results showed that VEGF was significantly different with lymph node metastasis and TNM staging. VEGF expression was up-regulated in colon cancer along with the decreased expression of SPARC. All of these results suggest that SPARC may inhibit VEGF expression during the process of new blood vessel growth by which indirectly control the development, growth, invasion and metastasis of tumor cells in colon cancer. We also analyzed the relationships of SPARC and VEGF expression with clinical prognosis in this study. The results showed that patients with low expression of VEGF were survival longer than those with high expression for overall or disease-free survival evaluated by Kaplan-Meier

analysis. Similar results reported by Des et al. [1]. They investigated 27 kinds of VEGF expression in colorectal carcinoma using Meta analysis, and found that high levels of VEGF expression were related with unfavorable prognoses. Moreover, VEGFR inhibitor they revealed that VEGF was a more effective marker than MVD for prediction of overall survival in patients. We believe that increased expression of VEGF correlates with decreased SPARC expression. Reduction of SPARC may up-regulate the expression of VEGF, causing the subsequent MVD increase in tumors and resulting in a poor clinical outcome. Analysis for overall and disease-free survival showed that patients with low or absence of SPARC expression displayed a poor prognosis, when compared with patients with higher SPARC expression.

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