1) [5], [12] and [28]. Assessment of vaccine-induced immune responses can be

achieved through a range of T cell, B cell, and innate immunity assays. Many of the same assays and reagents used to develop preventive vaccines can be applied to therapeutic vaccine research. However, there is no consensus on assays that would allow for trial comparisons, and on methods to address biological variability in baseline viral load and other responses in HIV positive individuals. One promising and relatively new approach is the measurement of the ability of HIV-specific CD8 T cells to kill infected CD4 T cell targets, which is just beginning to be evaluated in the context of vaccine trials [29] and [30]. Given the focus on curative interventions, a primary outcome measure in most modern therapeutic vaccines studies is the size of the “latent KU-55933 datasheet reservoir”, perhaps best defined as the residual virus that remains in the setting of apparently effective combination ART, and is able to give rise to recrudescent viral replication and progressive disease

after ART is stopped. At least part of this “reservoir” is composed of virus in latently infected cells, rather than actively replicating virus. Although viral outgrowth assays used to quantify the replication-competent reservoir are viewed as the gold standard, there is no current standard, high-throughput I-BET151 purchase measure of the reservoir. Measures of plasma HIV RNA, cell-associated HIV RNA (unspliced, multiply spliced) and cell-associated DNA (integrated, unintegrated, total) are being developed, but these are unlikely to fully resolve the difficulties of distinguishing replication-competent latent proviruses from defective ones [31]. Measurement of the HIV reservoir both in vitro and in vivo has emerged as an important potential biomarker that will require additional development and optimization [32] and [33]. Drs. Nicole Frahm, Felipe Garcia, Jeff Jacobson, John Eldridge, Jean Boyer and George Pavlakis

discussed the lessons that can be learned from past therapeutic vaccine studies in humans (Fig. 2). Therapeutic vaccine candidates recently tested have utilized a variety of platforms and approaches including DNA, viral vectors (alone and with DNA) Calpain [34], [35] and [36] dendritic cells (DC) [37] and [38] and peptides [27], [39] and [40], using a variety of antigens together in some case with adjuvants and immune modulators. A few clinical trials of therapeutic vaccines to date have induced a transitory reduction in viral load in the context of treatment interruption. Some of these trials have shown modest delays in time to viral load rebound, prolongation of time until ART needs to be resumed, and/or sustained reductions of viral load (typically less than 0.5 log10 copies RNA/mL) [12].

Despite the poor level of bra fit

and breast support in these adolescent athletes, only low levels of breast discomfort Epigenetic inhibitor mouse during exercise were reported. Furthermore, this did not significantly improve, despite improvement in bra fit and level of breast support. The relatively small average breast size of the participants (12B) and their age may explain this finding, as breast discomfort during exercise is more problematic in females with large breasts (Gehlsen and Albohm 1980). In addition, changes in the mechanical properties of the tissues supporting the breasts or the habitual lack of adequate breast support over time in adult females may decrease their anatomical level of breast support, although this notion requires further investigation. The improvement in level of support post-intervention in the experimental group shows that the improvement in knowledge was accompanied by an improvement in choice of bra (in terms of design

and lifespan) relative to the level of physical activity and breast size. For this age group, the improved breast support may be more effective in decreasing the embarrassment of physical appearance, a known barrier to physical activity in adolescence (James 1998, Robbins et al 2003, Shaw 1991, Taylor et al 1999a), by reducing breast bounce during exercise rather than breast discomfort. Of Antidiabetic Compound Library in vitro interest, 25% of participants reported knowing that their bra did not fit, yet they still

wore this bra during vigorous exercise. This result suggests that adolescent females do not perceive wearing an ill-fitting bra as problematic. Comments included ‘This is the bra I wore to school and I came to training straight after school’ and ‘I wear my good bras for competition, not training’. Although poorly fitted bras in this young cohort were not associated with high levels of discomfort, in order to prevent the development of musculoskeletal disorders from insufficient breast support (Ryan 2000, BeLieu 1994, Kaye 1972, Wilson and Sellwood 1976, Maha 2000) and to promote physical activity isothipendyl (Lorentzen and Lawson 1987, Mason et al 1999, Gehlsen and Albohm 1980) education on bra fit is warranted. Since 75% of the participants reported never having been fitted for a bra professionally, bra education enabling them to fit themselves independently is particularly important. Physiotherapists are in an ideal position to provide education to adolescent females on the importance of wearing a well-designed, supportive and comfortable bra when participating in physical activity. They can prevent the development of poor bra wearing habits, which may impact negatively upon their health and lifestyle in later years. An improvement in bra knowledge was sufficient to improve the ability to fit a correct bra independently with appropriate support for the level of physical activity and breast size.

cobea.org.br/). The protocol was approved by the Committee on the Ethics of Animal Experiments of the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at the Federal University of Sao Paulo (Id # CEP 0426/09). Female 8-week-old mice (C57BL/6 and A/Sn) were purchased from CEDEME (Federal University of São Paulo). Transgenic mice expressing the diphtheria toxin receptor (DTR) under control of the CD11c promoter (CD11c-DTR) on a C57BL/6 background were derived as described and were maintained in our colony as heterozygotes [30]. Blood-derived trypomastigotes of the Y strain of T. cruzi were obtained from A/Sn mice

infected 7–8 days earlier. Each C57BL/6 or A/Sn mouse was challenged sub-cutaneously (s.c.) at the base of the tail with a final dose containing 104–105 or 150 parasites, respectively, in a final volume of 0.1 mL. Parasite AZD6244 mw development was monitored by counting the number of blood-derived trypomastigotes in 5 μL of fresh blood collected from the tail vein [10]. Wild type (WT) and CD11c-DTR mice

were treated i.p. with 2 doses of 50 ng diphtheria toxin from Corynebacterium diphteriae (DT, Sigma), 48 h before and on the same day of challenge. In addition, infected WT mice were treated see more every other day, beginning on the same day of infection, with doses of 20 μg FTY720 (Cayman Chemical, Ann Arbor, MI) per mouse (1 mg/kg) in a final volume of 0.2 mL. The control mice were injected with the diluent only. Peptides were purchased from Genscript (Piscataway, NJ). Purity was as follows: VNHRFTLV, 97.2% and TsKb-20 (ANYKFTLV), 99.7%. Plasmid pIgSPCl.9 and the human replication-defective adenovirus type 5 containing the asp-2 gene were described previously [22], [24], [25] and [31]. Heterologous crotamiton prime-boost immunization involved priming i.m. with 100 μg of plasmid DNA followed by a dose of viral suspension containing 2 × 108 plaque-forming units (pfu) of adenovirus 21 days later in the same locations. Immunological assays or challenges were performed 14 days after viral inoculation (boost).

The panel of conjugated antibodies used for FACS analyses were CD11c-FITC (clone HL3), CD19-PECy7 (clone 1D3), CD8α-PerCP (clone 53-6.7), CD86-APC (clone GL1), CD80-APC (clone 16-10A1), CD40-APC (clone 3/23) all from BD; PDCA-1-PE (clone JF05-1C2.4.1) from Miltenyi Biotec. Single-cell suspensions from Inguinal lymph nodes or spleen were stained for surface markers on ice for 20 min, and then washed twice in buffer containing PBS, 0.5% BSA, and 2 mM EDTA fixed in 4% PBS-paraformaldehyde solution for 10 min. At least 300,000 events were acquired on a BD FACSCanto II flow cytometer and then analyzed with FlowJo (Tree Star, Ashland, OR). PDCA-1+ cells were isolated from LN collected from C57BL/6 mice infected 5 days earlier s.c. with 104T. cruzi parasites. As controls, we used PDCA-1+ cells isolated from LN of naïve C57BL/6 mice (n = 15).

Infante Marquez (Clinica Virgen del Mar, Almeria, Spain), R. Fernandez-Prieto (Hospital Arquitecto Marcide, Ferrol, Spain), G. Duran (Hospital de Estella, Estella, Spain), J. Aristegui Fernandez (Hospital de Basurto, Bilbao, Spain), C. Calvo (Hospital Severo Ochoa de Leganes, Madrid, Spain), V. Planelles Cantarino (Centro de Salud Paiporta, Valencia, Spain), M. Rivero (H. Universitario de Fuenlabrada, Fuenlabrada, Spain), E. Roman (Hospital Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain), I. Romero (Hospital de Madrid Protein Tyrosine Kinase inhibitor Torrelodones, Madrid, Spain), J. Ruibal (Hospital Infanta Cristina de

Parla, Madrid, Spain), L. Diez (C.S. El Pucol, Valencia, Spain), M. Garces-Sanchez (C.S. Nazaret, Valencia, Spain), Alisertib datasheet M. Peidro (C.S. Trafagalar, Valencia, Spain), L Moreno (Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra. Spain), G. Echarte (Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra. Spain), E. Burillo (Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra. Spain). Conflict of interest statement: QJ and JLP are

employees of Pfizer Inc. JDD acts as national coordinator and principal investigator for clinical studies and receives funding from non-commercial funding bodies as well as commercial sponsors (Novartis Vaccines, GlaxoSmithKline, Baxter, Sanofi Pasteur MSD, MedImmune, and Pfizer Vaccines) conducted on behalf of CSISP-FISABIO; JDD also serves as a board member for GSK and received payment for lectures from SPMSD, Novartis, and Baxter that included support for travel and accommodation for meetings. FGS has received honoraria as consultant/advisor or speaker from Pfizer, GSK, and Sanofi Pasteur MSD in the past. FMT has received

research grants and/or honoraria as a consultant/advisor and/or speaker and conducted vaccine trials from GlaxoSmithKline, Sanofi Pasteur MSD, Pfizer Inc/Wyeth, Novartis, Merck, and MedImmune Inc. Funding: This study was sponsored by Pfizer Inc. “
“Hepatitis B vaccines have an outstanding record of safety and effectiveness. However, Thymidine kinase a small minority of vaccinees, so called non-responders, produce an inadequate neutralizing antibody response following receipt of the standard vaccination regime and are therefore probably still susceptible to infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) [1] and [2]. In addition to a number of technical factors such as the intervals between the administration of vaccine, doses administered and specific vaccine formulation, a number of reports have suggested that vaccinee specific variations such as age, male gender, obesity, smoking, chronic disease, immunodeficiency and crucially genetic predisposition may also be involved in low or null responses to HBV vaccines [3], [4], [5], [6], [7] and [8]. In recent years, an increasing number of reports have linked specific genetic polymorphisms of immune system markers such as IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, IL-4RA, IL-13 and TLR-2 with non-responsiveness to HBV vaccine [4], [9] and [10].

The published safety and immunogenicity results from this trial are discussed below [48]. Extension of

recommendations and public financing to include vaccination of mid-adult women is debatable, based on the trial results and current knowledge of the epidemiology of genital HPV infection [49]. In most populations, immunity to vaccine-related types is expected to increase with age while the rates of incident infection, and the probability of infection progressing to cervical cancer, are expected to decrease. Consequently, cost modeling studies selleck products have indicated that vaccination becomes less cost effective with increasing age [50]. Interestingly, both vaccines are licensed by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) for use from the age of 9 onwards, but neither is licensed for women over age 26 in the U.S. However, the vaccines are not routinely provided to mid-adult women in publically financed programs in Europe. Nevertheless, it is clear Selleck HKI 272 from the trials that

some mid-adult women could potentially benefit from the vaccine, and it seems reasonable to permit them to purchase it on an individual basis. However vaccination cannot replace screening in mid-adult women. The efficacy of Gardasil® was examined in a placebo-controlled, double-blind trial in 4065 men ages 16–26 from 18 countries [51]. The primary endpoint of the study was protection from HPV6, 11, 16 or 18-associated incident EGLs, defined as external genital warts (condylomata acuminata) or penile, perianal or perineal intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) of any grade, or cancer at these sites. Protection against this

combined endpoint was 90.4% in the ATP population and 65.5% in the ITT population. Of the EGLs, 28 of 31 and 72 of 77 were genital warts in the ATP and ITT cohorts, respectively, and most were associated with HPV6 or HPV11 infections. Significant protection against EGLs was also observed in both populations, irrespective of the HPV type in the lesion (Table 10), reflecting the large proportion of genital warts caused by the vaccine types 6 and 11. Similar efficacy against persistent infection endpoints was reported in the ATP analysis (Table 10). The results of this study have led to the licensure of Gardasil® for the prevention of EGL in men Mephenoxalone in several countries. A subset of 602 men in the above trial who reported having sex with men was concurrently enrolled in a study of anal infection and anal intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN). After 3 years, Gardasil® was 78.6% (95% CI: -0.4–97.7) effective against HPV16/18 (the two types that cause most anal cancers) and 77.5% (95% CI: 39.6–93.3) effective at preventing HPV6/11/16/18-related AIN of any grade in the ATP population. It was 54.9% (95% CI: 8.4–79.1) effective for preventing AIN of any grade caused by any HPV type [52]. Efficacy against AIN2+ for this population was 74.9% (95% CI: 8.8–95.4). An efficacy of 94.9% (95% CI: 80.4–99.4) was observed against persistent infection by the vaccine-targeted types.

Our study has important strengths. As far as we are aware, this is the largest study examining sex as a predictor of health services utilization following immunization. The use of the SCCS study design permitted us to adjust for fixed confounders. The use of relative incidence ratios to compare relative incidences of events between sexes allows us to adjust for temporal confounding such as the healthy vaccinee effect [8]. Our study also has limitations, which include the use of general vaccination codes. While we cannot be certain that the vaccinations administered at 2, 4, 6 and 12 months of age are those recommended

in Ontario’s Immunization Schedule, it would be highly unlikely that they represented other vaccinations. In our analysis we assume that the risk and control periods are consistent between males and Ruxolitinib chemical structure females. While it is possible these may differ this is not evident in a visual inspection of the data. A limitation of all SCCS analyses

is the possibility of coincident temporal exposures. A possible example in this case could be day care exposure which theoretically could affect the sexes differently with respect to health services utilization. Finally, the main diagnoses associated with ER visits and hospital admissions were not validated. We observed that the relative incidence of ER visits and/or hospitalizations following the 12-month immunization during an at-risk period as compared Osimertinib Parvulin to a control period was higher for females than for males. Our findings are hypothesis generating but raise the possibility that sex differences in short-term reactogenicity following routine MMR vaccination at 12 months may give insight into the far more severe sequelae of high titer measles vaccination. Given the importance of the measles vaccine to protect against natural infection, the observation that these events were mild and the fact that

increased reactogenicity in the girls may indicate less maternal protection, our findings support current measles vaccination programs. We also believe our findings point to a need for further studies to investigate pathophysiological reasons for the differential sex response to measles virus and measles-containing vaccines. This study was supported by the Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences (ICES), which is funded by an annual grant from the Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care (MOHLTC). The opinions, results, and conclusions reported in this paper are those of the authors and are independent of the funding sources. No endorsement by ICES, or the Ontario MOHLTC is intended or should be inferred. Dr. Wilson is supported by the Canada Research Chair in public health policy. The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare. “
“Neisseria meningitidis is one of the most frequent causes of bacterial meningitis and septicemia worldwide [1] and [2].

The maximum activity of compound 3 against Lung cancer, renal cancer and Breast cancer due to presence of two methyl and –SCH3 groups in their nucleus. Compound 4-a and 4-d exhibited remarkable percentage growth inhibition

against HOP-92 (Lung cancer), UACC-62 (Melanoma), and HOP-92 (Lung cancer), UACC-62 (Melanoma) respectively due to presence of p-CH3 and p-OCH3 group. Compound 5-a exhibited excellent activity against K-562, RPMI-8226 (Leukemia), HOP-92 (Lung cancer), LY2157299 order UO-31 (Renal cancer) cell lines panel due to presence of p-Cl group. Compounds 6-a and 6-b exhibited inhibitory effect against CAKI-1, UO-31 (Renal cancer), MCF-7 (Breast cancer) and K-562 (Leukemia), CAKI-1, UO-31 (Renal cancer), PC-3 (Prostrate cancer) due to presence Selleck Quizartinib of heteryl cyclic amines at 2-positions respectively. The maximum in-vitro anticancer activity of selected compounds against Leukemia, Lung, Melanoma, CNS, Colon, Ovarian, Renal, prostate and breast cancer cell lines are due to the presence of –SCH3, electron

donating group like –CH3, –OCH3, –Cl and heterocyclic moiety at 2-position like pyrrolidine, morpholine. All authors have none to declare. Authors are thankful to National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, Maryland, (USA) for providing the in-vitro anticancer activity, and to the Director, IICT Hyderabad for providing Spectra. Authors also thankful to the Principal, Yeshwant Mahavidyalaya, Nanded for providing laboratory facilities. “
“An antioxidant is any substance that at low concentration delays the oxidation of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and DNA. They can be classified into three main categories: 1. The first line defence antioxidants which include superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR) and minerals like Se, Cu, Zn etc. Oxidative stress is a result of an imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant defences. This oxidative stress deregulates

a series of cellular functions and leads to various pathological conditions like AIDS, ageing, arthritis, asthma, autoimmune diseases, carcinogenesis, cardiovascular dysfunction, cataract, diabetes, neurodegenerative ever diseases, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s dementia etc.2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 Free radicals are highly reactive species having unpaired electrons in their outermost shell. Free radicals react rapidly with the membranes eventually causing cellular degeneration and finally death. To cope with these radicals the living system produces many antioxidants or takes the supplement through diet. They occur in blood by combining with different chemicals found in polluted air and water etc. Research is going in the direction that for the neurological diseases like Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s these free radicals are one of the causes.

Ciprofloxacin (Micro labs, India) and Amphotericin-B (Micro labs, India) were used as reference antibiotics against bacteria and fungi, correspondingly. Antimicrobial activities of the crude extracts were first screened for their zone of inhibition by the agar well-diffusion method. Briefly, crude extracts were prepared concentration of 100 mg/ml with dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO, SD Fine, Mumbai) as a solvent. The Mueller Hinton Agar (MHA) medium (Hi Media) was prepared and sterilized at 121 °C 15 lp/sq for 20 min the autoclave. Twenty millilitres of this sterilized agar medium (MHA)

were poured into each 9 cm sterile petridishes under aseptic conditions and allowed to settle. For the preparation of the inocula 24 h culture was emulsified in 3 ml sterile saline following the McFarland turbidity to obtain a concentration of 108 cells/ml. The suspension was standardized by adjusting the optical density to 0.1 at 600 nm (ELICO Palbociclib SL-244 spectrophotometer). One hundred microlitres (100 μl) of cell suspension with approximately 106–108 bacteria per millilitre was placed in petridishes and dispersed over

agar.7 In the following, a well was prepared in the plates with the help of a sterile stainless steel-borer (6 mm diameter) two holes per plates were made into the set agar containing the bacterial culture. Each well 100 μl of the plant added at the concentration of 100 mg/ml. For each bacterial strain controls were maintained where pure solvents, instead of extract as a negative control. Plant extracts

and reference drug (Ciprofloxacin 1000 μg/ml) were allowed to diffuse see more for 1 h into the plates and then incubated at 37 °C for 18 h click here in inverted position. The results were recorded by measuring the zone of growth inhibition (mm) surrounding the wells. Each assay was performed in triplicates and repeated twice. Diameters of inhibition zone less than 7 mm were recorded as non-active (−), and as active (+), when the mean of inhibition zone was between 7 and 10 mm. (++) Described an inhibition diameter of more than 10 mm and less than 15 mm, (+++) an inhibition diameter between 15 and 20 mm and (++++) a diameter of more than 20 mm of growth inhibition.8 All the fungal species was cultured in Sabouraud Dextrose Broth (Hi Media) for 48 h at 27 °C and Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA) was employed for the agar well diffusion experiments. Fungal suspensions were adjusted to 107 cells/ml as explained above. The zone of Inhibition was determined after incubation for 48 h at 27 °C. All tests were performed in triplicates and repeated twice.9 The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), which is considered as the lowest concentration of the sample which inhibits the visible growth of a microbe was determined by the microbroth dilution method. The MIC method was performed as described below on extracts that showed their high efficacy against microorganisms by the well diffusion method (zone of inhibition higher than 11 mm).

In contrast to the lack of progress made in the diagnosis of peripheral pathology, much ground has been made in characterising the condition in terms of its physical and psychological presentation, and some of the key findings in this area have implications for the clinical assessment of WAD, and these will be outlined. It is mandatory that pain and disability be measured as the first step of clinical assessment due to their consistent prognostic capacity. Guideline-recommended pain measures include the 11-point visual analogue scale or numeric rating scale, and the recommended measure of disability is the Neck Disability Index due its clinimetric properties.37 However,

other measures are also acceptable, learn more and some include the Whiplash Disability Questionnaire and the Patient Specific Functional Scale.37 It is also important to gain an

understanding of any psychological factors that may influence recovery or the effects of physiotherapy interventions. Numerous psychological questionnaires are available so it is often difficult for clinicians to decide on the most appropriate questionnaire/s to use. One suggestion is to select relevant questionnaires based on the patient’s reported symptoms selleck screening library in the subjective examination. For example, early symptoms of post-traumatic stress may be suspected in patients who report difficulty sleeping due to thoughts about the accident, flashbacks, or avoidance of driving due to fear. These symptoms can be further evaluated using validated questionnaires, with the Impact of Events Scale recommended for use by physiotherapists.37 A score of 25 or 26 on the Impact of Events Scale indicates a moderate level of symptoms of post-traumatic stress.38 Similarly, if from the patient history and interview, it appears that other psychological factors are present, these can also be further evaluated. Table

2 outlines some questionnaires that may be useful for physiotherapists, the interpretation of scores, and their availability. Management decisions made on the basis of responses on these questionnaires depend on the stage of the condition, whether acute or chronic, and this will be discussed below. The physical examination of the Histamine H2 receptor patient with WAD follows the same general examination procedures usually adopted for the examination of any cervical spine condition but with some additional procedures included based on research findings of WAD. One aim of the physical examination is to determine the grade of the condition using the QTF classification system.32 A Grade II condition will have physical signs of decreased range of neck movement and palpable ‘tenderness’ compared to Grade I, where the patient reports neck pain but with no physical signs.

We studied the effect of pandemic influenza A(H1N1) on the relatively high vaccination rate for seasonal influenza of the Dutch National Influenza Prevention Programme (NIPP) (see Box 1) in the past years (Kroneman et al., 2003 and Blank et al., 2009), and identified the relationships between vaccination rates for seasonal and A(H1N1) influenza in at-risk groups and staff in general practices. In a retrospective cohort study of at-risk groups (2009–2010) data were extracted on age, gender,

diagnoses (based on medical history and medication), and vaccines from electronic medical records in 72 general practices (262,958 listed patients). The practices belong to a representative Dutch network of general practices, LINH, (www.linh.nl, Tacken et al., Pictilisib cost 2004). Practice staff was questioned Alisertib research buy by a written survey about their own vaccination; their vaccination rate was calculated separately for doctors and nurses. By sharing our data, we want to show that it is possible to reach relatively high uptake rates for pandemic as well as seasonal vaccinations using a combined strategy. Having satisfied themselves to the vaccines safety and effectiveness, the Dutch government decided to augment the regular seasonal 2009–2010 NIPP with vaccination for influenza A(H1N1). Both types of vaccinations

were made available free-of-charge to general practices for the at-risk groups and for practice staff. Two doses –at least two weeks apart– were scheduled, with the pandemic A(H1N1) vaccination started two

weeks after the seasonal influenza vaccine. (Gezondheidsraad, 2009). In our study, 83,524 patients were identified as at-risk of developing serious complications from influenza (31.8%). Offering the separate vaccinations in general practice against seasonal and A(H1N1) influenza for groups at-risk resulted in a vaccination rate of 70.4% and and 71.9% respectively. We found 63.5% of the groups at-risk were vaccinated using both vaccines. The vaccination rates for A(H1N1) and seasonal influenza were very similar in the different indication groups. Information on vaccination status of practice staff was received from 64 practices (88.9%) with 189 general practitioners and 299 practice nurses. The vaccination rate among general practitioners was 88.9% for A(H1N1) vaccinations and 74.1% for seasonal influenza, but surprisingly, among the practice nurses the rates were significantly lower (p < .001): 73.6% and 54.2% respectively. The vaccination rate of practice staff as well as of the patients at-risk was quite high that could explain why we did not find any significant correlation between them. Because of the stable results of the seasonal vaccination rate, we concluded that overall, the A(H1N1) vaccination did not affect the high vaccination rate for seasonal influenza. The uptake in the groups at-risk was comparable for A(H1N1) and seasonal influenza.