Using a published algorithm to find p53 consensus sites,25 we mapped potential, shared

p53 and TA-p73 (p53/p73) binding sites upstream of four TA-p73–bound genes that changed expression during the 24 to 48 hours of liver regeneration: Foxo3, Janus kinase 1 (Jak1), phosphoprotein enriched in astrocytes 15 (Pea15), and tubulin alpha 1 (Tuba1; Supporting Table 4 and Supporting Fig. 3). Binding of p53 and TA-p73 was observed for all examined genes at identified p53REs, and this confirmed that putative targets uncovered by TA-p73 ChIP/chip www.selleckchem.com/products/Roscovitine.html may be bound by both p53 and TA-p73 in the quiescent liver in vivo (Fig. 2). Afp p53RE served as a positive control for p53/p73 binding in the quiescent liver, whereas upstream regions of albumin (Alb) and brain-specific protein 3B (Brn3B) genes served as negative controls for p53 and TA-p73 binding.4, 26 Taken together, these results suggest that p53 and TA-p73 activate or repress target genes in the quiescent liver and that regulatory activities of p53 and TA-p73 change during

liver regeneration. Among the 17 TA-p73 gene targets revealed by ChIP/chip, Foxo3 had the most significant change in expression in response to PH and strong p73 binding (Supporting Table 4). We found a p53 consensus site −3.7 kb upstream PLX3397 of the TSS of Foxo3 as well as several other potential p53 binding sites within the second and third introns (Fig. 3A). We detected binding of both p53 and TA-p73 to the p53RE −3.7 kb upstream of Foxo3 (Fig. 3B). To confirm the specificity of p53/p73 binding to the Foxo3 p53RE, we used primers for a region that contains no p53REs (located −2.0 kb upstream of the Foxo3 TSS) and saw background levels of interaction (nonspecific region; Fig. 3A,B). TA-p73 compensates for a loss of p53 by binding to the Afp p53RE in the absence of p534 and promotes a delayed but significant PRKD3 reduction of Afp expression in the liver by 4 months of age in p53−/− mice.26 We performed ChIP from liver tissue collected from p53−/− mice at 2 months of age and found that TA-p73 binds the p53RE of Foxo3 in the absence of p53 (Fig. 3C). Thus, both p53 and TA-p73 regulate transcription of Foxo3 in the adult mouse liver

at time zero. On the basis of known functions of FoxO3 as a tumor suppressor, we hypothesized that p53 and TA-p73 act as positive regulators of Foxo3 at the level of transcription. We determined levels of Foxo3 messenger RNA (mRNA) isolated from liver tissue collected from p53+/−, p53−/−, and p73+/− mice in comparison with WT littermates, and we observed a significant decrease in Foxo3 expression in p53−/− and p73+/− mice (Fig. 4A). Transcription of Trp73 from multiple promoters, together with alternative mRNA splicing, results in at least 28 isoforms of p73.27 We performed transient transfection of a mouse hepatoma–derived cell line (Hepa1-6)28 with plasmids that expressed transactivating TA-p73 isoforms, HA–TA-p73α and HA–TA-p73β or HA-p53.