Twenty

patients were followed up for 10 years, 12 of them were cured exclusively with chemotherapy or surgery, while eight patients underwent surgery after chemotherapy (Table 1). During follow-up, all patients underwent clinical, blood chemical, immunological and ultrasonographic assessment. The local Ethical Committee approved all procedures, and all subjects gave their informed consent to the study. To identify new E. granulosus proteins, we used SHF collected from fertile cysts (genotype 1) as antigen source. Before use, SHF was clarified by centrifugation at 10 000 × g for 60 min and dialysed in phosphate buffer, pH 7·2, precipitated with a cold solution of acetone/water (4 : 1) and after centrifugation at 20 000 × g at 4°C, dried and stored at −20°C until use. Total protein from Raf targets SHF was determined by Bradford assay (Bio-Rad, Richmond CA, USA). Isoelectric focusing (IEF) was performed

as described previously (12). Briefly, SHF (50 μg) was dissolved in rehydration buffer containing 8 m urea, 2% CHAPS, 0·5% immobilised pH gradient (IPG) buffer (pH 3–10), 65 mm dithiothreitol and 0·01% bromophenol blue and used immediately in bidimensional PAGE experiments (2DE). First dimensional separation of the SHF was performed using 7-cm-long immobilised pH gradient IPG gel strips, pH 5–8, using the Isoelectric Focusing System (Bio-Rad). The second dimension Selleck HM781-36B was performed on a 10% SDS-PAGE system after equilibrating the strips for 20 min in two equilibration buffers (buffer A: 50 mm Tris–HCl, pH 8·9, urea 6 m, glycerol 30%, SDS 2% and dithiothreitol

1%; buffer B: 50 mm Tris–HCl, pH 8·9, urea 6 m, glycerol 30%, SDS 2%, iodoacetamide 2·5% and 0·01% bromophenol blue). After isoelectric focusing, a large number of spots were resolved on colloidal Coomassie blue-stained 2-DE gel (Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO, USA). For a comparative investigation of the repertoires of proteins in E. granulosus, SHF proteins separated by 2-DE were transferred onto nitrocellulose membrane Non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase and analysed comparing serum pool from five patients with active CE and a matching serum pool from five patients with inactive CE (Fig. 1a, b). Between the numerous spots revealed, we identified one spot, exclusively recognised by antibodies from patients with active disease. After recovery from 2-DE gel, this spot was digested with trypsin, and subsequently analysed by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry as described previously (13). Swiss-Prot database search showed a significant similarity between this spot and the amino acid sequence of HSP20 of E. multilocularis. Small HSPs are highly conserved protein with sequence similarity residing predominately in an internal stretch of residues termed the alpha-crystallin domain, a region usually flanked by two extensions. As E. granulosus and E. multilocularis HSP20 amino acid sequences are very similar to each other, we postulated that HSP20 is highly conserved in both Echinococcus species. Therefore, we used cDNA from the E.