The different excitation frequencies give rise to different thermoreflectance signals in the Si samples, which is ascribed to the excited number density in the selleck compound conduction band. In the low repetition rate case, the excited carriers recombine via Auger processes before the next pump excitation is absorbed. However, in the high repetition rate case, the rate in which the pump excitations are absorbed at the sample surface is higher than the Auger recombination rate, indicating that the excited carrier densities in the high repetition rate experiments are much higher than in the low repetition rate measurements

even though the pump fluences are comparable. This is ascribed to pulse accumulation in the high repetition rate measurements, and is quantified with rate equation and thermoreflectance models fit to the experimental data. Comparing the data taken at the two different excitation modulations gives insight into the excited carrier density when recombination rate are on the same order as excitation frequencies. (C) 2010 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3309759]“
“Elevated

amyloid-beta peptide (A beta) and loss of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) stand prominently in the etiology of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Since the discovery of an A beta – nAChR interaction, much effort has been expended to characterize the consequences of high versus low concentrations of A beta on nAChRs. This review will discuss current knowledge on the subject at the molecular, cellular, GPCR Compound Library high throughput and see more physiological

levels with particular emphasis on understanding how A beta – nAChR interaction may contribute to normal physiological processes as well as the etiology of AD.”
“Non-severe nocturnal hypoglycemic events (NSNHEs) are hypoglycemic events that occur during sleep but do not require medical assistance from another individual. This study was conducted to better understand the NSNHEs as patients actually experience them in their daily life, and how they impacted functioning and well-being.

Nine focus groups were held in four countries with diabetics (Type 1 and Type 2) who had experienced an NSNHE within the previous month: France (2 groups); Germany (2 groups); United Kingdom (2 groups); and United States (3 groups). These groups were audio-taped, translated to English where applicable, and analyzed thematically.

Seventy-eight people with diabetes participated in the focus groups: 41 (53 %) were female and 37 (47 %) were male; 24 (31 %) had Type 1 diabetes, and 54 (69 %) had Type 2 diabetes. Participant reports were grouped into several major themes: next day effects, symptoms, sleep impacts, social impacts, corrective action, practical management, feelings about NSNHEs, and work impacts.

People with both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes experience NSNHEs.