Surprisingly,

our global in silico prediction failed to detect RpoN-binding site FRAX597 manufacturer upstream of the glnA gene (XF1842), a well-known and widespread member of the σ54 regulon [19]. However, a more detailed analysis, using ClustalW alignment, indicated that XF1842 ORF was annotated incorrectly and the coding sequence should be 108 bp shorter than previously proposed. In silico analysis using the PATSER program in this new intergenic region detected a strong RpoN-binding site (score 10.52, Table 3). Figure 3 Characterization of a σ 54 -dependent promoter in the glnA gene. (A). Genomic context of glnA gene in the X. fastidiosa chromosome indicating other genes associated with AZD1480 order nitrogen metabolism. (B). Determination of the transcription start site of glnA by primer extension assay. Reactions were performed using total RNA from J1a12 and rpoN strains and the [γ-32P]ATP-labeled primer XF1842EXT. A DNA sequencing ladder of phage M13mp18 was used as molecular size marker. The arrow indicates the band corresponding to the extended fragment. (C). Nucleotide sequence of X. fastidiosa

glnA promoter region. The transcriptional start site determined by primer extension analysis and the -12 and -24 conserved sequence elements of the σ54-dependent promoter are boxed. The re-annotated initiation codon (ATG) and the putative IHF binding site are underlined. The predicted Shine-Dalgarno sequence is double underlined. The putative NtrC binding sites are

indicated by dashed lines. To identify the 5′ end of the glnA transcript, primer extension assays were performed with total RNA isolated from the wild-type and rpoN mutant strains. One major see more cDNA product was observed corresponding to a single transcriptional start site at a cytosine PLEKHM2 located 35 bp upstream of the glnA re-annotated initiation codon in the wild type strain, but no cDNA product was observed when primer extension experiments were performed with the rpoN mutant (Figure 3B). Upstream of the glnA transcription start site we found the predicted RpoN-binding site, a sequence (TGGTATG-N4-TTGC) that is correctly positioned and matched 9 of 11 nucleotides to the σ54 consensus sequence (TGGCACG-N4-TTGC) (Figure 3C). In other bacteria, glnA has a σ54-dependent promoter and its transcription is regulated by the enhancer-binding protein NtrC [44]. Contact between the activator and the σ54-RNA polymerase complex is achieved by DNA looping, facilitated either by the integration host factor (IHF) protein or by intrinsic DNA topology [45]. In fact, analysis of the regulatory region of the glnA gene revealed the presence of AT-rich sequences with perfect match for the IHF binding site (AATCAA-N4-TTG) besides two putative NtrC-binding sites (Figure 3C). In conclusion, primer extension data indicate that X. fastidiosa glnA gene has a single canonical σ54-dependent promoter, confirming experimentally the in silico prediction.