Several other means that induce tolerogenic DCs have been described: e.g. vitamin Ruxolitinib D3-derived DCs 15, TGF-β-induced DCs 16, TNF-α-induced semi-mature DCs 17 or iDCs 18. They all share the ability to negatively regulate T-cell responses, yet their phenotypes, cytokine profiles and thus their mode of action are divergent. IL-6- or IL-10-derived DCs for example have a similar phenotype as TLR-APCs 19–21. But differences in respect of CD86 13, 20 and IL-12 have been identified 14, 22. Programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) is mainly described as a negative regulatory molecule and it has been shown frequently that the expression of PD-L1 is linked with the ability of DCs to induce tolerance 23–25. PD-L1 belongs

to the co-stimulatory/co-inhibitory B7 family and is expressed on a variety of tissues and cells. So far, no general pathway is known which controls PD-L1 expression. Depending on stimulus and cell type, the expression of PD-L1 was found to correlate with various signaling molecules: p44/42 and/or p38 MAPKs 26, 27 or STAT-1, STAT-3 and IRF-1 28–30. Here, we characterize the phenotype and function of APCs induced by an early TLR-mediated block of conventional

differentiation of iDC. These TLR-APCs had a tolerogenic phenotype and could be induced by different classes of TLR-agonists (TLR7/8 R848 and TLR4 LPS). PD-L1 expression correlated with the functional properties of these APCs. Furthermore, we show that TLR-induced expression of PD-L1 is regulated in an IL-6-, IL-10- and STAT-3-dependent manner. In a preceding publication, we have shown that cytokine-driven differentiation of DCs from monocytes can be deviated by simultaneous Dabrafenib manufacturer stimulation with TLR agonists. When isolated CD14+ monocytes were stimulated with GM-CSF and IL-4 (G4) in the presence of LPS, cells failed to upregulate the DC marker CD1a and retained CD14 expression 5, which contrasts the phenotype obtained with G4 stimulation alone. When we tested other TLR agonists,

we found that the TLR7/8 small molecular weight agonist R848 influences the differentiation of DCs in a comparable manner (Fig. 1B and C). R848 inhibitory effects on CD1a expression were dose dependent with an optimum of 1 μg/mL (Supporting Information Fig. Glycogen branching enzyme 1A). The time frame of inhibitory effects was limited until three days after addition of GM-CSF and IL-4 (Supporting Information Fig. 1B). To test the functional properties of R848-generated TLR-APCs, we first analyzed their ability to induce proliferation in a mixed leukocyte reaction with allogeneic responder cells. TLR-APCs proved to be only weak stimulators of PBMCs in comparison to iDCs (Fig. 2A). To examine how TLR-APCs affect T-cell subset responses, we performed mixed leukocyte reactions with allogeneic CD4+ or CD8+ responder T cells. TLR-APCs induced only weak proliferative responses in CD4+ T cells (Fig. 2B). However, CD8+ T-cell proliferation, as compared to the proliferation induced by iDCs, was not significantly changed (Fig.