Rumen bacterial diversity based on the PCR-DGGE

profile PCR-DGGE banding profiles showed that the bacterial communities clustered with respect to diets (Figure 5). However, considerable animal-to-animal variation was also observed. A distinct difference in the bacterial structure was observed between two diets. By comparing the PCR-DGGE profiles between the two diets, the number of DGGE bands from CS group was considerably abundant compared to those from OL group (Figure 5). There were also several learn more bands that were common for all domestic Sika deer. Figure 5 PCR-DGGE profiles of the rumen bacterial 16S rNA gene (V3 region) from domestic Sika deer fed oak leaves (Sika deer A and B) and corn stalks (Sika deer C and D). OL and CS represented Sika deer fed oak leaves and corn stalks, respectively. Three replicates (1, 2 and 3) were taken from each Sika deer. Bionumerics software generated the clustering dendrogram using the UPGMA method. In total, 47 dominant bands were excised from the PCR-DGGE profile and sequenced, of which 20 and 27 bands selleck chemicals obtained from the OL and CS groups, respectively (see Additional file 1). Sequences from the excised bands from the OL group belonged to the phyla Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria, whereas DGGE sequences from the CS group belonged to the phyla Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria and Synergistetes.

Among the 47 bands, 13 bands in two groups were identified as known species based on ≥ 97% sequence similarity (Table 3). Bands O-1, C-3 and C-5 showed ≥ 98% similarity with

known species of C. populeti 743A. Bands O-3 and O-18 were identified as Streptococcus pasteurianus CIP 107122, while bands O-9 and C-14 showed 98% similarity with of Eubacterium cellulosolvens 6. Band O-12 displayed 97% similarity with known species of find more Moryella indoligenes AIP 220.04, and band O-13 showed species-level sequence similarity to Pseudobutyrivibrio ruminis DSM9787. Bands O-10 and C-10 displayed 98% similarity to Succinivibrio dextrinosolvens 0554, while bands C-18 and C-1 had 98% sequence similarity to Racecadotril Coprococcus eutactus ATCC 27759 and Prevotella ruminicola ATCC 19189, respectively. Moreover, band C-21 had the 93% similarity with known species of Eubacterium ruminan-tium GA 195. Bands C-13 and C-22 were distantly related to Galbibacter mesophilus Mok-17 with 88% and 91% similarity, respectively. Band C-24 displayed 88% similarity with Capnocytophaga cynodegmi CIP 103937, and band C-27 showed 94% similarity with known species of Bacteroides uniformis JCM 5828. Bands C-19 and C-20 had 92% similarity with known species of Dethiosulfovibrio acidaminovorans sr15. The remaining 30 bands from two groups had 92-96% sequence similarities with several species belonging to genus Prevotella including P. loescheii, P. pleuritidis, P. corporis, P. buccalis, P. dentalis, P. melani-nogenica, P. salivae, P. copri, P. denticola, P.