Moreover, the feasibility of macrophage therapy has recently been
demonstrated in two renal transplant recipients,[124] where regulatory macrophages (IFN-γ-stimulated) were administered via central venous infusion several days prior to donor transplantation. Both patients underwent a rapid reduction in immunosuppressive therapy and maintained stable graft function during the 3-year follow-up period. These findings have now prompted The One Study, a multinational clinical trial for the use of regulatory macrophages as a potential immune-conditioning therapy in renal transplantation (see http://www.onestudy.org). As this review highlights, more needs NVP-BGJ398 to be understood in terms of macrophage phenotype and function in humans, and the processes that control their activation during the various stages of acute and chronic disease progression. A greater understanding of these different states of activation may result in the development of therapies specifically designed to capitalize
on this variation in phenotype and cellular responses. selleckchem “
“Oxidative stress plays an important role in the progression of renal interstitial fibrosis. The nicotinamide adeninedinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase (Nox) family is considered one of the major sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In the present study, we investigated the inhibitory effects of a novel anti-fibrotic
agent, Fluorofenidone (AKF-PD), upon Nox-mediated oxidative stress and deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) in the development of renalinterstitial fibrosis. AKF-PD was used to treat renal fibrosis in unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) obstructive nephropathy in rats. The expression of Nox homologues, p-Akt, collagen I and III were detected by immunoblotting or immunohistochemistry. Levels of 8-iso prostaglandin F2alpha (8-Iso PGF2a) was measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. In addition, ROS and the expression of collagen I (1a), Nox subunits and p-Akt was measured in angiotensin (Ang) II-stimulated Rolziracetam rat proximal tubular epithelial (NRK-52E) cells in culture. AKF-PD treatment significantly attenuated tubulo-interstitial injury, ECM deposition and oxidative stress in fibrotic rat kidneys. In addition, AKF-PD inhibited the expression of ROS, Collagen I (1a), Nox2, p-Akt in Ang II-stimulated NRK-52E cells. AKF-PD attenuates the progression of renal interstitial fibrosis partly by suppressing NADPH oxidase and ECM deposition via the PI3K/Akt signalling pathway, suggesting AKF-PD is a potential novel therapeutic agent against renal fibrosis. “
“Renal transplant recipients are at risk of developing Pneumocystis pneumonia (PcP), especially in the first 2 years after transplantation, with a mortality rate of up to 50%.