In addition, association of Syk with FcRγ chain is also observed in the T cells of SLE patients https://www.selleckchem.com/products/pexidartinib-plx3397.html and not in the normal population [10,41]. Syk-deficient eosinophils do not respond to FcγR activation, suggesting the requirement for FcR-mediated signalling for the Syk activation [42]. Syk is also essential for FcγR-mediated signalling in macrophages, neutrophils and monocytes [43,44]. Thus, T cell activation via Syk upon engagement of FcγRIIIA by ICs may be an important event for the development of autoimmune pathology. The results presented show that the formation of ICs and complement activation

may influence the T cell-mediated adaptive immune responses by the FcRγ–Syk-mediated signalling pathway. Syk also has the ability to act at several other levels in the TCR signalling cascade [31]. The presence of low-affinity FcRs that bind to ICs on CD4+ T cells is still considered CHIR-99021 order an open question [45]. We observed a subset of CD4+ T cells that demonstrated the presence of both FcγRIIIA and FcγRIIIB receptors. In these cells, IC treatment triggered the recruitment of FcRγ chain with membrane FcγRIIIA receptors and this resulted in phosphorylation of Syk, thus suggesting a role for FcRs in T cell signalling. The staining pattern of these receptors in human CD4+ T cells was similar to that of previously observed binding of aggregated mouse globulin to mouse T lymphocytes [46]. Both

the elevated levels of ICs and aberrant T cell activation are part of the autoimmune process. ICs are the only known see more ligands for low-affinity FcRs that contribute to lymphocyte signalling. Thus, defining a correlation among these two events is of significant importance for understanding the autoimmune pathology. Activation of Syk by ICs in T cells suggests a role for ICs in altered T cell phenotypes observed in autoimmunity. A contribution from

the FcRs in T cell activation has been suggested previously by a single report [47]. The CD3– Jurkat cells that have been transfected with the transmembrane region of the FcγRIII receptor show association with Lck (p56) and ZAP-70, the TCR signalling proteins. This suggests a link between FcRs and T cell signalling pathway proteins [48,49]. The phosphorylation of ζ-chain in the CD3 complex is the primary TCR signalling event, which triggers TCR activation upon peptide–major histocompatibility complex (MHC) engagement. Activation of TCR in the absence of CD3 suggests the presence of an alternate signalling pathway for T cell activation that may utilize low-affinity FcRs. We observed phosphorylation of both Lck and ZAP-70 in Jurkat cells treated with ICs and MAC in the absence of peptide–MHC engagement [26]. The CD8+FcγRIII+ T cells show proliferation in response to receptor cross-linking with ICs [36]. We also observed proliferation of naive CD4+ T cells in response to ICs in the presence of TCC [26].