albicans, (3) Caco-2 with C. albicans and 192 μg mL−1S. boulardii extract, and (4) Caco-2 with 192 μg mL−1S. boulardii extract. Total RNA was isolated from confluent layers of cells from each experiment using the Total RNA Mini isolation kit (A&A Biotechnology, Poland) following the manufacturer’s instructions. RNA was digested with DNAse I (Fermentas) and cDNA synthesis NVP-BGJ398 was performed using the High-Capacity cDNA Reverse Transcription

Kit (Applied Biosystems) following the manufacturer’s instructions. Primers for real-time PCR were designed using light cycler probe design software 2.0 (Table 1). The GAPDH gene was used as an endogenous control. The analysis of the relative concentration of each transcript was carried out with

RealTime 2 × PCR Master Mix SYBR B (A&A Biotechnology) using light cycler 2.0 (Roche). Each PCR protocol consisted of a primary denaturation step at 95 °C for 20 s, followed by 35 cycles of denaturation at 95 °C for 20 s, annealing at 63 °C (for GAPDH and IL-8), 60 °C (for IL-6) and 57 °C (for IL-1β) for 20 s, and extension at 72 °C for 15 s. Melting curve analyses were performed at the end of each run, and the efficiency of the amplification was verified with standard curves for every gene. Results were analyzed using lightcycler software 4.0. Each assay was repeated three times for separately isolated RNA. Statistical analysis was performed using the one-way anova Epigenetics inhibitor and paired Student’s t-test, with Bonferroni Non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase correction. P values <0.05 were considered significant. *0.01

et al., 2009). In the present study, we wanted to determine whether the presence of S. boulardii cells affects C. albicans adhesion to Caco-2 and Intestin 407. The adhesion was measured as the difference in the crystal violet absorption of both cell lines incubated alone, with C. albicans only and with a mixture of C. albicans and S. boulardii. We observed greater crystal violet absorption for cell lines incubated with C. albicans as compared with both noninfected cell lines. This indicates that C. albicans adhered to the surface of Intestin 407 and Caco-2. Addition of S. boulardii cells did not lead to an increase of the absorption (for Intestin 407 and Caco-2 cell lines only OD=0.70±0.05 and 1.33±0.21, respectively, and for lines treated with S. boulardii cells OD=0.63±0.07 and 1.26±0.12, respectively), suggesting that this strain does not adhere to tested cells. Equal number of S. boulardii cells did not cause a marked reduction in C. albicans adhesion to both cell lines. However, in the case of the 10-fold higher number of S. boulardii, we observed a significant 70% reduction of candidal adhesion to Intestin 407 (P=0.0001) and 50% to Caco-2 (P=0.01) (Fig. 1, bar B). We next studied the effect of S.