[24] PROX1 was readily detected in HepG2, Huh7, and MHCC-97H cell lines which are highly metastatic in nude mice.[24] However, the absence or a very low level of PROX1 was observed in HCC cell lines with a low metastatic potential (BEL-7402, QGY7701, QGY7703, SMCC7721) (Fig. 2A). Huh7, MHCC-97H, and BEL-7402 were used in the following investigations.

Lentivirus-mediated knockdown and rescue of PROX1 expression in the highly invasive MHCC-97H cells[21] was performed to assess the functional involvement of PROX1 in HCC cell invasiveness in vitro. MHCC-97H-si1646 was established by infection of MHCC-97H cells with a lentivirus expressing si1646 precursor that achieved an 80% reduction in PROX1 expression (Fig. 2B). The control cells were infected with a lentivirus expressing a scrambled siRNA sequence. Compared with the control cells, MHCC-97H-si1646 Sirolimus purchase cells displayed sharp declines in both cell migration and invasiveness, which could be prevented by the expression of si1646-resistant PROX1 (Fig. 2C). On the other hand, exogenous expression of PROX1 in BEL-7402 cells (Fig. 2B) enhanced cell migration and invasiveness (Fig. 2D). These results indicate that PROX1 promotes HCC cell migration and invasiveness in vitro. To explore the mechanism underlying selleck chemicals llc PROX1′s promotion of HCC cell invasiveness, IP/MS was conducted

to identify key factors associated with PROX1. Flag-PROX1 produced in HEK293T cells was immunoprecipitated by anti-Flag mAb and coprecipitated proteins were visualized by silver staining after electrophoresis and identified by MS. MCE One coprecipitated factor turned out to be HIF-1β (Fig. 3A). The association of PROX1 with HIF-1β was verified in HEK293T and Huh7 cells (Fig. 3B). As HIF-1β is able to heterodimerize with HIF-1α, it can be deduced that PROX1 may be associated with HIF-1α as well. This assumption was confirmed in HEK293T transfected with the expression plasmid for Flag-Prox1 and in

Huh7 cells with endogenous proteins (Fig. 3C). Moreover, coexpressed EGFP-PROX1 and HA-HIF-1α were found to colocalize in Huh7 cells (Fig. 3D). Finally, GST-HIF-1α was expressed in Escherichia coli and the full-length PROX1 was produced via in vitro translation. The results of GST pulldown assays indicate that PROX1 directly interacts with HIF-1α (Fig. 3E). To determine the regions mediating the interaction, several GST-fused HIF-1α fragments were produced (Fig. 3E) and each was tested for interaction with PROX1. The region spanning the residues 1-344 of HIF-1α appeared responsible for the interaction between HIF-1α and PROX1, and the amino-terminal 84 residues containing the basic helix-loop-helix domain might be the main interactive motif (Fig. 3E). Reciprocally, Flag-tagged PROX1 fragments were produced in HEK293T cells (Fig. 3F) and tested for interaction with GST-HIF-1α.