, 1999). Our findings showing bioenergetics impairment and oxidative stress caused by the major compounds accumulating in HHH syndrome may be interrelated since mitochondrial dysfunction is often associated with large increase of reactive species generation because oxidative phosphorylation is the major source of free radicals, which www.selleckchem.com/products/pexidartinib-plx3397.html are byproducts of the cell respiratory cycle (Lemasters et al., 1999). Furthermore, low energy and oxidative

damage are key events facilitating the pathogenic cascade leading to necrotic or apoptotic cell death especially in neurons, whose viability highly depends on large amounts of energy to preserve the resting membrane potential (Kroemer and Reed, PLX4032 concentration 2000 and Martin et al., 1994). We cannot also exclude the possibility that creatine deficiency, that occurs

in OAT deficiency, may also play a role in the neuropathology of HHH syndrome, but this should be further investigated (Dionisi Vici et al., 1987 and Valayannopoulos et al., 2009). In summary, the current findings provide insight into possible mechanisms of brain damage in HHH syndrome caused in vivo by Hcit and Orn and indicate that the pathogenesis of this disorder cannot be exclusively attributed to hyperammonemia. Furthermore, the bioenergetics dysfunction caused by Hcit and Orn may explain the mitochondrial abnormalities and the increased urinary excretion of lactate, 2-hydroxyglutyrate, various CAC intermediates and glutaric acid that may be observed in patients with HHH syndrome. Therefore, it is conceivable that, besides a diet poor in proteins that is chronically used, prompt and aggressive treatment of infections with high caloric intake (to reduce the risk of increased catabolism

with elevation of brain Orn and Hcit concentrations) and possibly with antioxidants seems justified to avoid aggravation of the brain injury in these patients, especially during acute metabolic decompensation. All chemicals were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO, USA, except for [U-14C] glucose and [1-14C] acetate, which MG 132 were purchased from Amersham International plc, UK and homocitrulline, which was obtained from MP Biomedicals, LLC Solon, Ohio, USA. Ornithine, homocitrulline, N-acetylcysteine, ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and α-tocopherol (vitamin E) were dissolved in saline solution (NaCl 0.9%). Thirty-day-old Wistar rats obtained from the Central Animal House of the Departamento de Bioquímica, ICBS, UFRGS, were used in the assays. The animals had free access to water and to a standard commercial chow and were maintained on a 12:12-h light/dark cycle in an air-conditioned constant temperature (22 ± 1 °C) colony room. The “Principles of Laboratory Animal Care” (NIH publication no.