14 HepG2 cells were cultured in Roswell Park Memorial Institute 1640 medium (RPMI), Hep3B cells were cultured in minimal essential medium (MEM), and HuH7, PLC/PRF/5, and AKN1 cells were cultured in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) (all media were obtained from PAA Laboratories, Cölbe, Germany) supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum and 1% penicillin/streptomycin (Sigma, selleck compound St. Louis, MO) in an atmosphere containing 5% CO2. High-molecular weight DNA was isolated from fresh-frozen NL, CL, DN, and HCC tissue samples and cultured cells using the DNeasy Blood and Tissue Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany). DNA from formalin-fixed

paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue was isolated using the QIAamp DNA FFPE Tissue kit (Qiagen) with an additional 16 hours proteinase K digestion. Genomic DNA was converted by bisulfite treatment

using the EZ DNA methylation kit (Zymo Research, Orange, CA). Fresh-frozen tissue samples included 16 HCC, six CL, six microdissected CL (CL microdissected), 17 NL, and five human liver tumor cell lines. DN were obtained from 11 FFPE tissue specimens. Regions for quantitative DNA methylation analysis covered the CpG islands around the respective transcription start sites of the two AKAP12 isoforms α and β (Fig. 1) and were targeted by amplicons of up to 460 bp in size Daporinad (see Supporting Table 4). In total, our analysis covered 44% of the genomic CpG sites of the AKAP12α promoter and 41% of genomic CpG

sites of AKAP12β promoter. The amplicons A1 and A2, and B1 were the most representative genomic regions of all analyzed amplicons in both isoforms for depicting methylation differences between normal, preneoplastic, and neoplastic tissue (data not shown). Smaller amplicons which were located in those most informative regions were used to characterize methylation levels of FFPE DN samples. Bisulfite-converted DNA was polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplified, in vitro transcribed, base-specifically cleaved by RNase A, and subjected to matrix-assisted laser desorption, ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MassARRAY technique; Sequenom, San Diego, CA) as described.15 DNA methylation standards (0%, Diflunisal 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% methylated genomic DNA) were used for data correction. To assure that the methylation analysis of CL samples was not contaminated by nonparenchymal cells, microdissection was performed. CL tissue samples were cut into 18-μm-thick sections using a cryostat (Leica CM1850; Leica Microsystems, Wetzlar, Germany) and laser microdissection was performed as described.16 Human HCC cell lines (AKN1, HepG2, and HuH7) were incubated for 72 hours with 10 μmol/L 5-aza-dC (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) with a medium change every 24 hours. Genomic DNA was isolated from treated cells as described and total RNA was purified using Trizol reagent (Invitrogen, Karlsruhe, Germany).