1 MW at 46% efficiency and 96% Gaussian mode purity. A new power record of second harmonic oscillation has been achieved in the subterahertz

band BAY 80-6946 (83 kW/389 GHz/3 ms) in Japan for application to collective Thomson scattering diagnostics. A fundamental frequency 670-GHz gyrotron with pulsed magnet generated 210 kW in 20-30-mu s pulses at 20% efficiency (collaboration of institutions in Russia and USA).”
“Dual specificity phosphatase (DSP) 18 and 21 are members of a poorly understood subfamily of protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTP) that are unique in their ability to dephosphorylate both phosphotyrosine and phosphoserine/threonine residues in vitro. Because of the difficulty in identifying substrate specificity, determining subcellular localization can help to resolve biological function of these phosphatases. DSP18 and DSP21 are targeted to mitochondria by internal localization signals. Surprisingly, DSP18 and DSP21 are both peripherally associated with the mitochondrial inner membrane, however, DSP18 is oriented toward ASP2215 the intermembrane space while DSP21 is facing the matrix compartment. This chapter describes methodology for purification of recombinant protein and demonstration of phosphatase activity, for mitochondrial purification and subfractionation of mitochondria to determine submitochondrial

localization and for determining membrane orientation and strength of membrane association.”
“Aberrant methylation of Nr4a3 exon 3 CpG

island (CpGi) was initially identified during multistep mouse skin carcinogenesis. Nr4a3 is also known as a critical gene for neuronal development. Thus, we examined the Nr4a3 exon 3 CpGi methylation in mouse brain tissues from 15-day embryos, newborns and 12-week-old adults and found significant increase of its methylation and GANT61 concentration Nr4a3 expression during mouse brain development after birth. In addition, homologous region in human genome was frequently and aberrantly methylated in neuroblastoma specimens. A quantitative analysis of DNA methylation revealed that hypomethylation of CpG islands on NR4A3 exon 3, but not on exon 1 was identified in three neuroblastomas compared with matched adrenal glands. Additional analysis for 20 neuroblastoma patients was performed and 8 of 20 showed hypomethylation of the CpGi on NR4A3 exon 3. The survival rate of those 8 patients was significantly lower compared with those in patients with hypermethylation. Immunohistochemical NR4A3 expression was generally faint in neuroblastoma tissues compared with normal tissues. Moreover, the MYCN amplified NB9 cell line showed hypomethylation and low expression of NR4A3, while the non-MYCN amplified NB69 cell line showed hypermethylation and high expression. These results indicate that DNA hypomethylation of the CpGi at NR4A3 exon 3 is associated with low NR4A3 expression, and correlates with poor prognosis of neuroblastoma.