01 0.02 6 Papuasia 2402 1 5 5 0.07 0.01 Biogeographical regions are sorted by ascending distance to the study area in Sulawesi. Probability (based on Poisson probability density) is related to the tree species pool observed in both studied sites (71 spp. assigned to valid species names) The likelihood analysis that one of the two

studied forest areas (N, R) included more tree species with nearest neighbour distance to one of the seven islands than the other were not significant, but showed some contrasting trends in biogeographical affinities of the two forest communities (Fig. 2). The mid-montane forests showed the greatest similarity with the western Malesian islands of Sundaland, especially Borneo, whilst the upper-montane forests had a great eastern Malesian affinity with New Guinea Z-VAD-FMK in vitro and also to the Philippines. Endemics to Sulawesi and to Maluku, i.e. Wallacean distributed species, were of equal importance at both sites. Fig. 2 Observed number of tree species GSK-3 signaling pathway (white squares) in the mid-montane forest at Mt Nokilalaki (42 spp.) and the upper montane forest at Mt Rorekautimbu (45 spp.) with nearest neighbour occurrences in seven Malesian biogeographical

regions, and expected patterns (black bars) based on 1000 random samples from the combined tree species pool (71 spp.). Biogeographical regions are sorted by ascending nearest neighbour distances (cf. Table 3) Discussion Elevational patterns in high mountain tree community

composition and structure The high mountain forests in Sulawesi show divergent patterns related to different elevational belts, both in floristic composition and in community GNAT2 dominance of certain taxa. In the Malesian mountain flora, within the montane zone sensu stricto (1600–2400 m a.s.l.), a major species shift indicates an orographic boundary at about 2000 m a.s.l. (van Steenis 1972). The present study supports these findings by showing a species shift between mid- and upper montane elevations (1800–2400 m a.s.l.), with only 18 species in common considering the total data set of 87 tree species (21%). Further, the mossy aspect of the forest at upper montane elevations (Gradstein and Culmsee 2010) also provides evidence for the elevational differences between the investigated forests. In the Fagaceae–Myrtaceae forests surveyed at mid-montane elevations, the Fagaceae play a key role. While four species of Lithocarpus contributed nearly half of the stand basal area, the importance of the family decreased at upper montane elevations in favour of the Podocarpaceae and Phyllocladaceae. Previous studies in Lore Lindu National Park, Central Sulawesi, showed that the Fagaceae were of comparable overall importance at lower montane elevations (at 1400 m a.s.l.), but became less important at submontane elevations (at 1050 m a.s.l.) (Culmsee and Pitopang 2009).