Low solubility of fullerenes in the cell medium can be Saracatinib improved by addition of dimethylformamide (DMF) but it will lead to increased cytoxicity and consequently reduced cell viability [50]. Recently, Isobe et. al. (2010) reported that due to their positive charge and their cationic nature, aminofullerenes have the capability

of transfection with formation fullerene/DNA complexes [51]. Magnetic nanoparticles have been proven to be effective in gene delivery particularly in cardiovascular diseases. These particles are submicron-sized synthetic particles that respond to magnetic field. In the magnetic drug/gene delivery system, the gene directly binds to the magnetic particle or carrier. Magnetic nanoparticles can be dispersed in a polymer matrix (generally silica, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) or dextran) or encapsulated within a polymer or metallic shell. Targeted gene delivery can be done by attaching different types of functionalized

groups such as carboxyl groups, amines, biotin, streptavidin, antibodies, and polyethyleneimine (particularly in vitro uses) to shell or matrix. The recent research showed that transfection time is significantly reduced for magnetic nanoparticles in comparison to that for non-viral agents and that magnetic nanoparticles have been used to successfully deliver small PF299 clinical trial interfering RNA and antisense oligonucleotides under in vitro and in vivo conditions [29, 52]. Recently,

magnetic calcium phosphate nano-formulations have been used for transfection of DNA [53]. The DNA-loaded magnetic system in A549 and HepG2 tumor cells indicated that the magnetic nano-formulation could improve the targeted gene delivery for cancer therapy with under an external magnetic field. Metallic nanoparticles, especially GNPs, have the advantages that they are easy to prepare, have high gene transfection efficiency, and their surfaces are very amenable to chemical modification [54]. Because of low chemical reactivity and unique stability of gold, this metal is very attractive as coating for magnetic nanoparticles. Also, functionalization of the gold surface with thiol groups, allows the linkage of functional ligands and subsequently make the GSK3326595 datasheet materials suitable for catalytic and optical applications [55, Clomifene 56]. Calcium phosphate nanoparticles, routinely used for in vitro transfection, have been investigated as a powerful non-viral gene delivery [57]. These nanoparticles alone, or in combination with other vectors (viral or nonviral), show good gene delivery properties especially when incorporated in the colloidal particulate systems [58]. Indeed, divalent metal cations, such as Ca+2, Mg+2, Mn+2, and Ba+2 can form ionic complexes with the DNA thus give stabilized structures. The complexes can then be carried across cell membrane via ion channel-mediated endocytosis.