NZ participated in the sequence alignment and drafted the manuscript. AA, RRS, SD, YH, MS, MK, and KNK helped in drafting the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.”
“Background Magnetic resonance

imaging (MRI) is a powerful imaging tool for clinical diagnosis due to noninvasive tomographic imaging potentials with high spatial resolution [1–5]. In particular, MRI using magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) conjugated to a targeting moiety is a highly attractive approach for the molecular imaging of cancer-specific biomarkers. This is because the T2-shortening selleck chemicals llc effect of MNPs results in dark contrast [5–13]. Studies aimed at increasing T2 MRI sensitivity report that increasing the magnetization value by size growth and metal doping enhances the T2 shortening effect [8–10]. However, Selleck Romidepsin the size increase induced the superparamagnetic-ferromagnetic transition, so resulting MNPs were no longer suitable as MRI contrast agents. Recent efforts in nanocrystal synthesis have shifted to secondary structure manipulation to upgrade the properties of individual nanocrystals based on interactions between their subunits [14–18]. Magnetic nanoclusters (MNCs) as a secondary structure are composed of assembled MNPs that reportedly can

act as contrast agents to improve T2 MRI capability. Precisely, MNCs showed higher T2 Foretinib datasheet relaxivity and a larger darkening effect than individual MNPs because they possess higher magnetization per particle with superparamagnetic property [19–24]. MNCs have been fabricated either by self-assembly or through direct solution growth. The common goal of these synthetic methods was to control the size of MNCs because T2 relaxivity increases are proportional to particle size [23, 24]. However, the signal enhancement provided by MNCs still remains unsatisfactory because the studies about the density of individual MNPs consisting MNCs have not been concerned yet. Thus, a primary issue in MNC fabrication is to optimally increase magnetic content in concert with particle enlargement to improve T2 relaxivity. Herein, we developed an effective strategy to selectively engineer MNC particle size and

magnetic content, using a double-ligand modulation approach, to enhance T2 MRI signal STK38 intensity. First, high-quality MNPs exhibiting strong nanomagnetism were synthesized by thermal decomposition. High-quality MNPs composed MNCs to derive effective enhancement of MNC T2 relaxivity. Second, a series of MNPs possessing various weight percent of oleic acid (primary ligand) was prepared. This allowed us to control MNP-MNP distances when these particles were combined to create MNC agglomerates, thereby regulating MNC density to our desired specifications. Finally, primary ligand-modulated MNPs were assembled and encapsulated using polysorbate 80 (secondary ligand) by nanoemulsion to construct MNCs. During nanoemulsion, various MNC sizes were fabricated by manipulating the concentration of polysorbate 80 employed.