In addition, gingipains can mediate bacterial interactions with host components [6]. Recent findings indicate that gingipains are also involved in biofilm development. Polyphenolic inhibitors of gingipains can prevent not only homotypic (monospecies) biofilm formation by P. gingivalis [7], but also synergistic biofilm formation with Fusobacterium nucleatum [8]. In addition, an RgpB-deficient mutant of P. gingivalis lost the

ability to form synergistic biofilms with Treponema denticola [9]. A low molecular weight tyrosine phosphatase, Ltp1, was found to be involved in biofilm formation via suppression of exopolysaccharide production and luxS expression, as well as dephosphorylation of gingipains [10]. Thus, gingipains and gingipain regulation may be related to exopolysaccharide accumulation. However, the exact role of gingipains in biofilm development remains to be elucidated. Two distinct fimbria types, long and short fimbriae, are present on the surface of P. gingivalis cells BIX 1294 mw [11]. Long fimbriae impact the host immune response by inducing human peripheral macrophages and neutrophils to overproduce several proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1 (IL-l), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha, through coordinated interactions with pattern-recognition receptors [12]. Long fimbriae were also reported to induce cross-talk between CXC chemokine FHPI in vivo receptor 4 and Toll-like receptor 2 in human monocytes and thus undermine host defense [13]. Furthermore,

long fimbriae are prominent adhesins that mediate colonization in periodontal tissues and invasion of host cells as well as dysregulation of host cell cycle, which assists P. gingivalis in its persistence in Mocetinostat price Farnesyltransferase periodontal tissues [14, 15]. While, the role of short

fimbriae in virulence is less well understood, they are necessary for the development of synergistic biofilms between P. gingivalis and Streptococcus gordonii via a specific interaction with the streptococcal SspB protein [16]. Recently, these two distinct types of fimbriae were reported to function cooperatively in the development of homotypic biofilms of P. gingivalis [17]. It was proposed that the long fimbriae were responsible for bacterial attachment to the substrate as well as initiation of colonization, whereas short fimbriae were involved in the formation of microcolonies and biofilm maturation. In that study, it was also shown that short fimbriae promoted bacterial autoaggregation, which was suppressed by the long fimbriae. In contrast, another study showed opposite results, as deletion of short fimbriae enhanced autoaggregation and negligible autoaggregation occurred in the long fimbria mutants tested [18]. Thus, the contextual roles of these fimbria types in biofilm development are unclear, and further study is necessary. In the present study, we examined the roles of long and short fimbriae as well as Arg-and Lys-gingipains in homotypic biofilm formation by P. gingivalis using a series of deletion mutants of strain ATCC33277.