It will also explore the role of pre-existing renal disease in causing preeclampsia and the potential for new biomarkers, both serum and urinary, to inform clinical practice with regard to differentiating preeclampsia from pre-existing renal disease. Recommendations about the future of women who have had preeclampsia

are unclear but the general consensus is that there are future cardiovascular risks, and to a lesser extent, future renal risks in these women. Regular review of proteinuria and glomerular filtration rate as well as overall cardiovascular risk status seems a logical step. Hypertension is the commonest medical complication in pregnancy and falls into four categories; gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, chronic hypertension (including Poziotinib essential and secondary hypertension) and preeclampsia superimposed on chronic hypertension. Hypertension in pregnancy is defined as a blood pressure elevation greater than 140 mmHg systolic or

90 mmHg diastolic, which is confirmed with repeated measures over several hours. The hypertension of preeclampsia (de novo or superimposed) and gestational hypertension occurs after 20 weeks of gestation and resolves typically by 3 months post-partum.1 Chronic hypertension occurs when the blood pressure is elevated outside of these time constraints. Preeclampsia and superimposed preeclampsia, however, Ceritinib are multisystem disorders, and as Fossariinae such are characterized by hypertension and evidence of involvement by one or more other organs.2 Other organ involvement commonly, but not always, involves the kidneys

and presents as proteinuria (>300 mg/24 h or spot urinary protein: creatinine ratio of ≥30 mg/mmol), elevated plasma creatinine >90 µmol/L or oliguria. Other organ involvement includes haematological changes (thrombocytopaenia, haemolysis, disseminated intravascular coagulation), liver disease (elevated serum transaminases, severe epigastric or right upper quadrant pain), neurological effects (convulsions, hyperreflexia, visual disturbances, stroke or headache), pulmonary oedema, foetal growth restriction or placental abruption. Maternal renal adaptation is characterized by an increase in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) to about 50% above pre-pregnancy states.3,4 An increase in renal plasma flow as well as an increase in the fractional excretion of urate is due to a decrease in renovascular resistance.5 The fractional excretion of sodium declines in pregnancy resulting in a net increase in total body water and sodium. These changes are initiated very early in pregnancy (prior to the first missed period) and are fully established by the end of the first trimester.3 They are maintained until the last 6 weeks prior to delivery when a reduction to pre-pregnancy creatinine clearance has been shown.