Conclusions:  At therapeutically relevant concentrations, rapamycin inhibits VEGF- and PAF-induced microvascular permeability. This inhibition is (i) a direct effect on

the endothelial barrier, and (ii) independent of arteriolar vasodilation. Rapamycin at 10 mg/kg stimulates effectors that increase microvascular permeability. “
“Please cite FK506 this paper as: Michel CC. Electron tomography of vesicles. Microcirculation 19: 473–476, 2012. In this issue of Microcirculation, Wagner, Modla, Hossler and Czmmek [25] describe the use of electron tomography to visualize the three-dimensional arrangement of small endothelial vesicles and caveolae of muscle capillaries. Their images show the well-known clusters of fused vesicles communicating with caveolae at the luminal and abluminal surfaces. The advantages of electron tomography are shown by well resolved images of single cytoplasmic vesicles separate from fused vesicle clusters and also by occasional chains of fused vesicles forming trans-endothelial channels. Twenty five to thirty years ago the existence of both trans-endothelial channels

and single unattached vesicles was disputed. Also, since some single vesicles and all of the trans-endothelial channels are labeled with a lanthanide tracer present in the perfusate Venetoclax datasheet at the time of fixation, this evidence once again raises the question of whether vesicles have a role in vascular permeability to macromolecules. This brief review describes the origin of the vesicle controversy, some of the more recent evidence for and against

the participation of vesicles in macromolecular transport and considers some criticisms of ultra-structural evidence for vesicular transport that still require answers. Two papers in this volume of Microcirculation describe investigations of endothelial cell structure Astemizole using electron tomography. The first [1] highlighted its potential as a tool for examining the structure of the glycocalyx on the luminal surface of endothelia. The second by Wagner et al. [25], which appears in the current issue, uses electron tomography to explore the caveolae (or plasmalemmal vesicles) and shows images that, 25 years ago, would have been highly controversial. Before discussing the vesicle controversy and the relevance of these new observations, it is worth saying a little about electron tomography. Electron tomography is the reconstruction of an object’s three-dimensional structure from a sequence of projections, made as transmission electron micrographs TEMs. The underlying principle is the same as that used in X-ray computerized tomography. Its application in electron microscopy dates from the work of DeRosier and Klug [7] who were aiming to improve electron micrographs of macromolecules. The principle is relatively straightforward.