pylori treatment. The results suggest that ghrelin may play an important role in the mechanism learn more of H. pylori-associated dyspepsia in children. Several studies have shown an association between low iron status and H. pylori infection, and the investigation of the H. pylori status in children and adolescents is recommended, especially in cases of refractory iron deficiency (ID) anemia. Children have low iron stores because of their increased iron requirement for growth. In the presence of H. pylori infection, they probably develop ID faster than adults. In H. pylori-associated atrophy, hypochlorhydria has a

role in ID through changes in the physiology of iron-complex absorption. Harris et al. [28], in a prospective study including 123 children, found that in H. pylori-positive

children with hypochlorhydria, serum iron, and transferrin saturation levels were significantly lower than in H. pylori-positive children without hypochlorhydria, indicating that a combination of H. pylori infection and/or inflammation and hypochlorhydria has a role in the etiology of ID. Hematologic parameters returned to normal 3 months after H. pylori eradication, with disappearance of lymphocytic gastritis, in a 12-year-old premenstrual girl with refractory ID anemia and focal intestinal metaplasia [29]. Erismodegib datasheet Pro-oxidant status and ferritin levels were evaluated in H. pylori-infected school children. Serum malondialdehyde and protein carbonyls were significantly increased, and

ferritin levels decreased in H. pylori-infected children compared with healthy controls and H. pylori-uninfected children with ID. The authors concluded that an increased level of oxidative stress was found in H. pylori-infected school children [30]. Xiong et al. carried out a meta-analysis to evaluate this possible association in Chinese children and showed that 49.27% of ITP children had evidence of H. pylori infection compared with 23.39% of the control group. Moreover, H. pylori eradication therapy was able to reduce the recurrence of ITP [31]. The recent increase in asthma and allergy seems to be associated with MCE公司 a decrease in the H. pylori infection prevalence, with some studies reporting a negative relationship. A significantly lower borderline H. pylori seropositivity was found in children with wheezing compared with nonwheezers; however, no association between H. pylori serological status and allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, or asthma was found by Holster et al. [32]. In a meta-analysis performed by Wang et al. [33], little evidence was found for an inverse association between asthma and H. pylori infection both in children and in adults. In a prospective study, Abdulqawi et al.